LL Joints

Question 1

Describe the articulation of the subtalar joint

Answer 1

Inferior talus to superior calcaneus

Question 2

Describe the articulation of the calcaneocuboid.

Answer 2

Anterior calcaneus to posterior cuboid

Question 3

Describe the articulation of the Talocalcaneonavicular.

Answer 3

Talus, calcaneus and navicular

Question 4

What movements occur at the intrinsic joints of the foot & muscles.

Answer 4

Inversion tibialis posterior.

Eversion tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis.

Question 5

What makes up the medial longitudinal arch o the foot

Answer 5

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
3 cuneiforms
Metatarsals 1/2/3

Question 6

Classify the ankle joint.

Answer 6

Hinge, synovial

Question 7

Describe the articulation in e ankle joint.

Answer 7

Tibia and fibula form a mortise for the talus, which acts as a tenon.
Medially - medial malleolus - talus trochlear
Superiorly - tibia - talus trochlear
Laterally - lateral malleolus - talus trochlear

Question 8

Describe the talus and what position the ankle joint is more stable in.

Answer 8

The talus is wider anteriorly and so he ankle is more stable in dorsiflexion.

Question 9

Give the 3 ligaments in the ankle

Answer 9

Deltoid/medial ligament
Lateral ligament
Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis

Question 10

Describe this structure and function of the deltoid ligament.

Answer 10

4 parts
Medial malleolus to:
Talus anterior
Navicular
Calcaneus
Talus posterior

Resists over eversion

Question 11

Describe the structure and function of the lateral ligament.

Answer 11

3 parts
Lateral malleolus to:
Talus posterior
Calcaneus
Talus anterior

Resists over inversion

Question 12

Describe the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis

Answer 12

Anterior and posterior ligaments joining the tibia and the fibula.
The posterior deepens the articulatory surface of the talus.

Question 13

Give the movements at the ankle joint

Answer 13

Dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior
EDL
EHL
Plantar flexion
Posterior compartment - plantar is and popliteus

Question 14

Describe Pott’s fracture

Answer 14

1. Forced over eversion
2. Deltoid ligament tears off medial malleolus, it is strong.
3. Talus moves laterally, shearing the lateral malleolus.
4. Breakage of tibia if talus forced anteriorly.
   Breakage of fibular above the syndesmosis

Question 15

Describe the components of a synovial joint.

Answer 15

Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Articular capsule with outer fibrous layer and inner synovial layer.
Articular hyaline cartilage for shock absorption and reduced friction.

Question 16

Classify the hip joint.

Answer 16

Ball and socket

Synovial

Question 17

Describe the articulation of the hip joint.

Answer 17

Head of femur to acetabulum.

Acetabulum has fibrocartilage labrum to increase surface area for articulation.

Question 18

How many ligaments in the hip joint?

Give them.

Answer 18

5
Transverse acetabular
Head of femur
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

Question 19

Describe the transverse acetabular ligament.

Answer 19

Continuation of the fibrocartilage labrum.

Bridges acetabular notch forming the acetabular foramen.

Question 20

Describe the head of the femur ligament

Answer 20

Fovea of femur head to acetabular fossa.

Carries a branch of the obturator artery, supplying the head

Question 21

Describe the relative positions of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral and Ischiofemoral ligaments and their arrangement and function.

Answer 21

Iliofemoral - anterior and superior.
Pubofemoral - anterior and inferior
Ischiofemoral - posterior
Arranged spirally
Taut on extension
Pull femur head medially into fossa

Question 22

Give three joints in the foot

Answer 22

Subtalar
Calcaneocuboid
Talocalcaneonavicular

Question 23

Give 3 bursae in the hip

Answer 23

Trochanteric bursa
Iliopsoas bursa
Ischiogluteal bursa

Question 24

Describe the two types of fracture of the hip.

How does the limb present?

Answer 24

Intracapsular - femoral neck
Limb is shortened, laterally rotated.
Avascular necrosis.

Extracapsular - Trochanteric
Treated with hip screw

Question 25

Give two dislocations of the hip

Answer 25

Acquired - trauma - posterior - sciatic nerve damage Congenital - hip dysphasia - trendelenberg

Question 26

Classify the knee joint

Answer 26

Hinge synovial

Question 27

Articulation of the knee joint (2)

Answer 27

Femur - tibia | Femur - patella

Question 28

Describe the menisci in the knee and give 2 functions.

Answer 28

2 C shaped fibrocartilage attached to intercondylar Region of tibia. Shock absorb. Deepen articulation surface.

Question 29

What are bursae

Answer 29

Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction

Question 30

Give 4 bursae in the knee and their location

Answer 30

Supra patellar - between quads tendon and femur Prepatellar - between patellar and skin (housemaids knee bursitis) Infra patellar - between tibia and patellar ligament and between patellar ligament and skin. (clergymans knee) Semimembranosus bursa - between semimembranosus and gastrocnemius

Question 31

What are bakers cysts? What do they indicate?

Answer 31

Abnormal fluid filled sacs of the synovial membrane found in the popliteal fossa. Indicate chronic knee effusion.

Question 32

Give three types of ligament in the knee.

Answer 32

Patellar Collateral Cruciate

Question 33

Describe the patellar ligament.

Answer 33

Continuation of the quads tendon. | Attaches to the tibial tuberosity

Question 34

Describe the collateral ligaments

Answer 34

Extra capsular Medial - medial epicondyle to medial meniscus Lateral - lateral epicondyle to fibular head. Stabilise the knee and prevent medial and lateral movement.

Question 35

Describe injury to the collateral ligaments.

Answer 35

Force applied to one side of he knee with foot on the ground. Pain on medial rotation - medial collateral damage. Pain on lateral rotation - lateral collateral damage.

Question 36

Describe the anterior Cruciate ligaments.

Answer 36

``` Intra capsular Anterior CL - prevents anterior dislocation - weaker - passes posterior and laterally - limits hyperextension ```

Question 37

Describe the posterior Cruciate ligament

Answer 37

Prevents posterior dislocation Limits hyper flexion Stronger Passes anteriorly and medially.

Question 38

Describe ACL damage

Answer 38

``` Caused by hyperextension Unhappy triad Lateral meniscus tear Medial collateral tear Medial meniscus tear ```

Question 39

Flexion at knee muscles

Answer 39

Hamstrings Sartorius Gracious

Question 40

Extension at knee muscles

Answer 40

Quadriceps

Question 41

Lateral rotation at knee

Answer 41

Biceps femoris

Question 42

Medial rotation at knee

Answer 42

Semimembranosus Semitendinosus gracilis

Question 43

What muscle unlocks the knee and how

Answer 43

Popliteus | Lateral rotation of femur on tibia