CVS Congenital heart disease

Question 1

Most common 2 congenital heart defects

Answer 1

VSD ASD

Question 2

What is an acyanotic defect

Answer 2

These are defects that do not result in a lower than normal oxygen concentration in systemic circulation.

Question 3

Give 5 acyanotic defects

Answer 3

ASD
VSD
Patent foremen ovale
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta

Question 4

What are cyanotic defects

Answer 4

Deoxygenated blood bypasses he lungs and enters the systemic circulation resulting in a lower than normal oxygen concentration in the systemic circulation.

Question 5

Give 4 cyanotic defects

Answer 5

Tetralogy of fallot
Tricuspid atresia
Transposition of the great arteries
Hypoplastic left heart

Question 6

Describe a VSD

Answer 6

Opening in IVS (usually membranous portion)
Left to right shunt
This results in more venous return to LA
LV volume overload
Pulmonary venous congestion
Pulmonary hypertension
Left heart failure

Question 7

Describe an ASD

Answer 7

Left to right shunt in atria
Increased pulmonary blood flow
RV volume overload
Right heart failure
(Less blood shunted so present later in life)

Question 8

Why is patent foramen ovale clinically silence. What is its significance

Answer 8

High LA pressure causes closure of flap valve.

May be route of paradoxical embolism entering arterial circulation if RA pressure transiently increases.

Question 9

Clinical sign of patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

Constant mechanical murmur

Question 10

What is Eisenmengers syndrome

Answer 10

Chronic left to right shunting can lead to pulmonary vasculature remodelling and increased resistance.
If this increases above systemic resistance, the shunt reverses leading to cyanosis.

Question 11

What is coarctation of the aorta

Answer 11

Narrowing of the aorta lumen in ligamentum arteriosum region.

Question 12

What is the effect of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 12

Increase after load on L. Resulting in LV hypertrophy.

Question 13

What part of the body is affected in coarctation of the aorta? How does it present?

Answer 13

Vessels of the head UL unaffected due to branching proximal to coarctation.
Heart failure after birth.
In adult weak delayed femoral pulse

Question 14

4 abnormalities in tetralogy of fallot

Answer 14

VSD
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy

Question 15

Tricuspid atresia is?

Answer 15

Lack of development of tricuspid valve

Question 16

What must accompany tricuspid atresia?

Answer 16

Complete R to L shunt of all blood (ASD PFO) and a VSD/PDA to allow flow to lungs

Question 17

What is transposition of the great arteries

Answer 17

2 unconnected parallel circulations
RV to aorta, LV to pulmonary trunk.
Not viable for life without shunt… Create.

Question 18

What is hypoplastic left heart? Accompanying abnormalities?

Answer 18

LV and ascending aorta fail to develop fully.
Blood supply to systemic circulation via PDA
Oxygenated blood mixes into RA via ASD

Question 19

Incidence of congenital heart disease

Answer 19

6/8 in 1000 live births