MoD AfLs Flashcards by Sam Quesne

There are how many types of hypersensitivity reaction?

Four

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Type of granulocyte that takes part in the late phase of the allergic response.

Eosinophil

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Weal and flare is a clinical feature of which type of hypersensitivity?

Type I

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What suffix denotes an inflammatory process?

-itis

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The two main components of the immune system.

Innate and adaptive

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An allergen is an antigen that induces sensitisation through production of which immunoglobulin class?

IgE

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What suffix denotes an increased number of cells?

-cytosis

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What is the study of the causes of disease called?

Aetiology

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Most common type of autopsy

Coroners

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What cells normally clear away immune complexes?

Phagocytes

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Term used to describe the type of reaction associated with type II hypersensitivity

Cytotoxic

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True or false: Burns are a possible cause of acquired immunodeficiency.

True

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True or false: Unnatural deaths do not need to be reported to the coroner if it was suicide.

False. All unnatural deaths must be reported to the coroner.

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Most common food allergy in children

Milk

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True or false: Dermatitis is an example of allergic disease

True

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Type I hypersensitivity is also known as ____ sensitivity

immediate

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What is the study of the incidence and population distribution of disease called?

Epidemiology

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Prefix denoting a deficiency below normal

Hypo-

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A suffix denoting an abnormal state lacking specific characteristics

-opathy

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Autoimmune disease associated with “butterfly rash”

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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Cell injury caused by lack of oxygen

Hypoxia

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Brain injury due to infarction or ischaemia provides an example of what type of necrosis?

Liquefactive (or colliquative)

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Term used to describe the flow of neutrophil polymorphs close to the endothelial wall

Margination

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Cell type predominantly associated with acute inflammation

Neutrophil

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Granulomatous disease for which there is no known cause

Sarcoidosis

Tuberculosis is associated with ____ necrosis

Caseous

Fibrinoid necrosis in the arteriolar walls is associated with ____ hypertension

Malignant

This growth factor is a mitogen for endothelial cells

VEGF A mitogen induces or stimulates mitosis.

Hepatocytes are an example of a ____ cell population

Quiescent

The rupture of blood vessels forms what structure within bone fracture sites?

Haematoma

Term used to describe protein-rich fluid associated with vascular leakage during acute inflammation

Exudate

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

Cholecystitis

Name for abnormal multinucleate cell that form through fusion of histiocytes

Giant cell A histiocyte is a stationary phagocytic cell present in connective tissue

Mechanism of repair involved with non-apposed wound margins

Second intention

What process of healing involves the formation of fibrosis and scar tissue?

Repair

Cholera is an example of a disease caused by a bacterial ____

exotoxin

Usual shape of infarcted areas of tissue

Wedge

Term used to classify bacteria with an extra outer membrane beyond the cell wall

Gram negative

The stomach is home to predominantly which type of bacteria: aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

Alternative name for lipid-laden macrophages

Foam cells

This type of shock includes a category termed 'mechanical'

Cardiogenic

Form of distributive shock that may result from anaesthetic accidents

Neurogenic

What term is used to describe a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits without benefiting or harming the other?

Commensalism

Chitin is found in the cell wall of most ____

fungi

Pulmonary thromboembolism often originate in which veins?

Deep leg

This important factor can be provided to the host by bacteria in the gut

Vitamin K

Type of shock resulting from intra-vascular fluid loss

Hypovolaemic

What term describes the disease-causing lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membranes of bacteria?

Endotoxins

Vessel surface is one of the three factors that are altered in ____

Virchow's triad

Why is the spleen particularly vulnerable to infarction?

It only has one blood supply

Term used to describe the degree to which microorganisms can cause disease

Virulence

Genus of bacteria that helps to preserve a low pH in the vagina

Lactobacillus

____ is when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male androgens.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) As a result, the person has some or all of the physical traits of a woman, but the genetic makeup of a man.

Porphyria is a condition that arises due to a defect in the synthesis of ____

haem

Term used to describe the change associated with the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy and lactation a) Hypertrophy b) Hyperplasia c) Metaplasia d) Atrophy

b) Hyperplasia

Hyperventilation may cause respiratory ____

Alkalosis

A benign tumour of blood vessels is termed ___

Angioma

Component of tobacco smoke and burnt food that can be metabolically activated into a potent carcinogen

Benzopyrene

Usually the first site of metastatic spread by carcinomas

Lymph nodes

The most important adhesion molecule in epithelial cells

Ecadherin

The three well-defined stages of multistep carcinogenesis

Initiation Promotion Progression

True or false: Telomerase is associated with the acquisition of cellular immortality in tumour cells

True

What is the most important causative agent associated with breast cancer?

Oestrogen

Colorectal cancer syndrome associated with a defective caretaker TSG

HNPCC (Lynch syndrome)

Malignant tumour of smooth muscle

Leiomyosarcoma

Tumour arising from the single layer of cells that usually line a serous membrane

Mesothelioma

A 'Dukes B' tumour is distinguished from a 'Dukes A' tumour by virtue of the tumour having invaded through which structure?

Bowel wall

____ is a very rare skin disorder where a person is highly sensitive to sunlight, has premature skin ageing and is prone to developing skin cancers.

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Category of tumour suppressor gene whose normal function is to inhibit cell proliferation

Gatekeeper

A heavy metal that is classed as a human carginogen

Cadmium

Overexpression of this cell surface protein is a common feature of lung tumours

EGFR