MoD AfLs Flashcards
There are how many types of hypersensitivity reaction?
Four
Type of granulocyte that takes part in the late phase of the allergic response.
Eosinophil
Weal and flare is a clinical feature of which type of hypersensitivity?
Type I
What suffix denotes an inflammatory process?
-itis
The two main components of the immune system.
Innate and adaptive
An allergen is an antigen that induces sensitisation through production of which immunoglobulin class?
IgE
What suffix denotes an increased number of cells?
-cytosis
What is the study of the causes of disease called?
Aetiology
Most common type of autopsy
Coroners
What cells normally clear away immune complexes?
Phagocytes
Term used to describe the type of reaction associated with type II hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic
True or false: Burns are a possible cause of acquired immunodeficiency.
True
True or false: Unnatural deaths do not need to be reported to the coroner if it was suicide.
False. All unnatural deaths must be reported to the coroner.
Most common food allergy in children
Milk
True or false: Dermatitis is an example of allergic disease
True
Type I hypersensitivity is also known as ____ sensitivity
immediate
What is the study of the incidence and population distribution of disease called?
Epidemiology
Prefix denoting a deficiency below normal
Hypo-
A suffix denoting an abnormal state lacking specific characteristics
-opathy
Autoimmune disease associated with “butterfly rash”
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Cell injury caused by lack of oxygen
Hypoxia
Brain injury due to infarction or ischaemia provides an example of what type of necrosis?
Liquefactive (or colliquative)
Term used to describe the flow of neutrophil polymorphs close to the endothelial wall
Margination
Cell type predominantly associated with acute inflammation
Neutrophil
Granulomatous disease for which there is no known cause
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis is associated with ____ necrosis
Caseous
Fibrinoid necrosis in the arteriolar walls is associated with ____ hypertension
Malignant
This growth factor is a mitogen for endothelial cells
VEGF
A mitogen induces or stimulates mitosis.
Hepatocytes are an example of a ____ cell population
Quiescent
The rupture of blood vessels forms what structure within bone fracture sites?
Haematoma
Term used to describe protein-rich fluid associated with vascular leakage during acute inflammation
Exudate
Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
Name for abnormal multinucleate cell that form through fusion of histiocytes
Giant cell
A histiocyte is a stationary phagocytic cell present in connective tissue
Mechanism of repair involved with non-apposed wound margins
Second intention
What process of healing involves the formation of fibrosis and scar tissue?
Repair
Cholera is an example of a disease caused by a bacterial ____
exotoxin
Usual shape of infarcted areas of tissue
Wedge
Term used to classify bacteria with an extra outer membrane beyond the cell wall
Gram negative
The stomach is home to predominantly which type of bacteria: aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Alternative name for lipid-laden macrophages
Foam cells
This type of shock includes a category termed ‘mechanical’
Cardiogenic
Form of distributive shock that may result from anaesthetic accidents
Neurogenic
What term is used to describe a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits without benefiting or harming the other?
Commensalism
Chitin is found in the cell wall of most ____
fungi
Pulmonary thromboembolism often originate in which veins?
Deep leg
This important factor can be provided to the host by bacteria in the gut
Vitamin K
Type of shock resulting from intra-vascular fluid loss
Hypovolaemic
What term describes the disease-causing lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membranes of bacteria?
Endotoxins
Vessel surface is one of the three factors that are altered in ____
Virchow’s triad
Why is the spleen particularly vulnerable to infarction?
It only has one blood supply
Term used to describe the degree to which microorganisms can cause disease
Virulence
Genus of bacteria that helps to preserve a low pH in the vagina
Lactobacillus
____ is when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male androgens.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
As a result, the person has some or all of the physical traits of a woman, but the genetic makeup of a man.
Porphyria is a condition that arises due to a defect in the synthesis of ____
haem
Term used to describe the change associated with the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy and lactation
a) Hypertrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Atrophy
b) Hyperplasia
Hyperventilation may cause respiratory ____
Alkalosis
A benign tumour of blood vessels is termed ___
Angioma
Component of tobacco smoke and burnt food that can be metabolically activated into a potent carcinogen
Benzopyrene
Usually the first site of metastatic spread by carcinomas
Lymph nodes
The most important adhesion molecule in epithelial cells
Ecadherin
The three well-defined stages of multistep carcinogenesis
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
True or false: Telomerase is associated with the acquisition of cellular immortality in tumour cells
True
What is the most important causative agent associated with breast cancer?
Oestrogen
Colorectal cancer syndrome associated with a defective caretaker TSG
HNPCC (Lynch syndrome)
Malignant tumour of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
Tumour arising from the single layer of cells that usually line a serous membrane
Mesothelioma
A ‘Dukes B’ tumour is distinguished from a ‘Dukes A’ tumour by virtue of the tumour having invaded through which structure?
Bowel wall
____ is a very rare skin disorder where a person is highly sensitive to sunlight, has premature skin ageing and is prone to developing skin cancers.
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Category of tumour suppressor gene whose normal function is to inhibit cell proliferation
Gatekeeper
A heavy metal that is classed as a human carginogen
Cadmium
Overexpression of this cell surface protein is a common feature of lung tumours
EGFR
