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EMS - Mechanisms Of Disease > L5 Cell Injury > Flashcards

L5 Cell Injury Flashcards

 Define types of cellular injury  Define 7 common causes of Cellular injury  Explain difference between reversible and irreversible injury  Types of cellular death  Types of necrosis

1
Q

What are the seven causes of cell injury?

A
  • Hypoxia
  • Physical agents (temperature, trauma, radiation)
  • Chemical agents (drugs)
  • Immune reactions
  • Infectious agents
  • Genetic derangements
  • Nutritional imbalance
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2
Q

What biochemical mechanisms cause cell death?

A
  • ATP depletion
  • Oxygen and O2-derived free radicals
  • Loss of intercellular calcium homeostasis
  • Defects in membrane permeability
  • irreversible mitochondrial damage
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3
Q

What type of cell injury is being described:

  • Decreased ATP generation
  • Loss of cell membrane integrity
  • Swelling of cell
A

Reversible cell injury

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4
Q

What type of cell injury is being described:

  • Mitochondrial swelling
  • Leakage of enzymes
  • Swelling of lysosomes
A

Irreversible cell injury

Characterised by severe mitochondrial changes, failure of plasma membranes and swelling of lysosomes.

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5
Q

How does reversible cell injury become irreversible?

A

Persistent or excessive injury

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6
Q

What causes ischaemic/reperfusion injury to cells?

A

Oxygen-derived free radicals

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7
Q

Why does decreased ATP generation lead to cellular injury? Is this reversible or irreversible?

A

Fewer ATP molecules results in decreased function of the Na/K pumps. This results in too much Na in the cell, which draws in more water (osmosis) and causes the cell to swell.

If ATP generation improves, the cell will begin working as normal and can be salvaged, therefore this is reversible.

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8
Q

What type of molecule activates apoptosis in a cell?

A

Caspaces

Activated by excessive Ca (due to damaged cell membrane) or Cyt C (leaked from damaged mitochondria).

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9
Q

What are the major changes that occur during necrosis of a cell?

(Hint: SUMO)

A

Size: many cells affected, cells swell

Uptake: contents ingested by macrophages, significant inflammation

Membrane: lysis and loss or integrity

Organelles: organelles swell and lysosomes leak. DNA randomly degraded.

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10
Q

What are the major changes that occur during apoptosis?

Hint: SUMO

A

Size: one cell at a time, cell shrinks

Uptake: contents ingested by neighbouring cells, no inflammatory response

Membrane: blebbing allows integrity to be maintained. Formation of apoptotic bodies

Organelles: mitochondria release pro-apoptotic proteins. Chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation.

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11
Q

Which type of cell death results in an inflammatory response?

A

Necrosis

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12
Q

Which type of cell death involves cellular swelling?

A

Necrosis

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13
Q

Which type of cell death involves caspase activation?

A

Apoptosis

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14
Q

Which type of cell death involves cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation?

A

Apoptosis

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15
Q

Which type of necrosis is most common?

A

Coagulative necrosis is the commonest form.

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16
Q

Myocardial infarction generally results in which type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis

17
Q

True or false: In coagulative necrosis the cells lose their outlines

A

False. In coagulative necrosis, cells retain their outlines.

Proteins coagulate and metabolic activity ceases.

18
Q

Which type of necrosis is seen in the brain? Why?

A

Liquefactive necrosis. There is a lack of supporting stroma and structures, therefore neural tissue can totally liquify.

19
Q

Infections usually result in which type of necrosis?

A

Gangrenous

20
Q

What is the main cause of caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

21
Q

Which type of necrosed tissue looks like ‘amorphous pink material in centre, with necrotic debris’?

A

Caseous

Results in structureless dead tissue

22
Q

Fat necrosis is caused by what?

A

Enzymes (pancreatic)

Trauma

23
Q

Which two conditions cause fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Malignant hypertension

Autoimmune disease

24
Q

Where is coagulative necrosis most commonly found?

A

Myocardium

Can occur in all organs but the heart is most common.

25
Q

Where is liquefactive necrosis seen?

A

The brain

26
Q

Which type of necrosis occurs due to lack of substantial supporting stroma?

A

Liquefactive

27
Q

Which type of necrosis results in putrefaction of the tissue, caused mostly by infection?

A

Gangrenous

28
Q

What are the subtypes of gangrenous necrosis?

A

Wet
Dry
Gas

29
Q

Tuberculosis is the main cause of which type of necrosis?

A

Caseous

30
Q

Which type of necrosis leads to tissue that looks amorphous pink material in the centre with necrotic debris?

A

Caseous

31
Q

What are the main causes of fat necrosis?

A

Enzymes and trauma

32
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in which conditions?

A

Malignant hypertension

Autoimmune diseases

33
Q

What are the two possible types of cell injury?

A

Reversible

Irreversible

34
Q

What are the possible types of cell death?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

35
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

36
Q

Where is the most common site of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardium

37
Q

Which necrosis is caused by enzymes and trauma?

A

Fat necrosis

38
Q

Which type of necrosis is caused by malignant hypertension and autoimmune diseases?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

EMS - Mechanisms Of Disease (8 decks)

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