MOD 8: Sensory functioning Flashcards
define visual impairments
- an impairment in vision that affects an individuals performance
- umbrella term emcompassing total blindness and partial sight
- can be partial sight or blindness, sensitivity to light/glare, blindspots, issues w contrast, and certain colors
- affects kids fewer than any other disability
- up to 5 yrs old, 75% of learning is visual
which disability impacts kids the least
visual impairments
what are the 6 classifications of visual impairments (PBLTLT)
Partial sight: can read, only thru large print and magnification
Blind: cant read print even with magnification
Legal blindness: acuity of 20/200 or less in better eye with best possible correction(person can see at 20 feet what normal vision can see at 200 ft)
Travel vision: acuity of 5/200-10/200
Light perception: can distinguish strong light at 3 feet
Total blindness: cant recognize strong light shining directly into eyes
how much of canadian print materials are accessible (large print, braille, audio)?
only 7%
what are the 2 causes of vision loss
Congenital: before/at birth
- albinism, retinopathy of prematurity(abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina of premature babies)
Adventitious: in childhood or later on
- cataracts(a cloudy area in the lens of your eye) , retinitis pigmentosa(makes cells in the retina break down slowly over time, causing vision loss), GLAUCOMA(vision loss and blindness causes by damage to optic nerve)
what is galucoma? what should ind with this avoid in PA
vision loss and blindness caused by damage to optic nerve
- sensitivity to light and glare
- avoid isometrics, swimming, inverted body positions, and bright lighting
what is hard of hearing vs deaf
hard of hearing is mild to profound hearing loss, but the primary methof of communication is still spoken language
Deaf(oral deaf): no functional hearing, depends more on visual communication
what is Deaf culture?
an actual culture that has their own set of beliefs, values, art, history
- sign language
- conflicts with ‘medicalization of deafness’ that thinks being deaf is an issue that needs to be fixed
- social model of disabilty thinks deafness itself is not the issue, the env is the issue for not being accessible
what are the 3 types of hearing loss? (depends on which part of ear is damaged)
Conductive: outer/middle ear not working properly/damaged: semicircular canals
Sensory-neural: inner ear: cochlea, auditory nerve (permenant )
Mixed: conductice and sensory neural loss
what are the classifications of hearing impairments?
hard of hearing: slight, mild, profound hearing loss: have difficulties understanding faint, normal, lound speech
hard of hearing/deaf: severe sensory neural loss. difficulty understanding shouted spech
Deaf : profound hearing loss, use sign language, have difficulty understanding any speech
what are barriers to PA for ind w visual impairments
- challenges navigating unfamilar spaces, identifying hazards, or using equipment that relies on visual cues
- can use talking pedometer to assess and track fitness
what are barriers to PA for ind w hearing impairments
difficulty hearing instructions, alerts
How can we adapt PA for individuals with sensory impairments?
- Use system of least prompts: start with least instrusive prompr to most intrusive to allow automomy (start with visual, verbal , demos, physical assistance/guidance, tactile modelling, then more auditory and enhanced visual cues )
- feedback: instead of saying hold like this, say, hold 3 inches above shoulder - allow exploration of equipment
- have braille/ large print instructions, number stations
- clutter free env
- hand rails
- for visual impairments AVOID high impact/jumping and water activities like swimming
Phoenix et al reading: PA Among Older Adults W Sight Loss
What are barriers(DOTHIS) and facilitators(START) that older adults w acquired sight loss face in partiipating in PA? how is that different for congenital ?(EPS)
Barriers : DO THIS:
D - Disabling Environment
(Inaccessible equipment, poor lighting, inconsistent signage, lack of staff training, physical hazards)
O - Organizational Challenges
(Inconsistent availability of activities due to funding cuts and lack of volunteers)
T - Transportation
(Difficulty accessing facilities or programs)
H - Health-Related Limitations
(Managing chronic illnesses reducing capacity for PA)
I - Information Gaps
(Lack of information about programming)
S - Safety, Confidence, Fear
(Fear of injury, lack of confidence in abilities, or perceived safety concerns)
Facilitators: START
S - Supportive Environment
(Accessible facilities, well-trained staff, and willingness to assist)
T - Transportation
(Reliable access to facilities or programs)
A - Available and Reliable Opportunities
(Consistent and varied programs tailored to individuals’ needs, such as those visually impaired)
R - Relationships and Social Support
(Encouragement and assistance from friends, family, or peers)
T - Therapeutic Mindset
(The belief in exercise as medicine, motivating individuals to stay active)
E - Experience and Adaptation
Congenital: More accustomed to navigating visual challenges and confident in adapting.
Acquired: Struggle with sudden changes and have difficulty maintaining independence and mobility.
P - Perception of Barriers
Congenital: Already have coping mechanisms in place.
Acquired: Face challenges adapting to new barriers in the environment.
S - Social Support Needs
difference bwt congenital and acquired: EPS (experience, perception, social support needs)
E - Experience and Adaptation
Congenital: More accustomed to navigating visual challenges and confident in adapting.
Acquired: Struggle with sudden changes and have difficulty maintaining independence and mobility.
P - Perception of Barriers
Congenital: Already have coping mechanisms in place.
Acquired: Face challenges adapting to new barriers in the environment.
S - Social Support Needs
Congenital: Rely less on new support networks due to lifelong accommodations and familiarity with tools and systems.
Acquired: May require more extensive new support systems to adjust.
what is neurodiversity
concept that brain differences among ppl are natural, part of diversity, and NOT deficits
- neurodivergent ppl just process info than peers
includes: IDs, autism, tourettes, down syndrome, fetal alcohol sybdrome, prader wili syndroms
what are the 4 stages of piagets cognitive development ?
0-2 yrs: SENSORIMOTOR, practice play individually
2-7: PREOPERATIONAL, symbolic play, parallel play
7-11: CONCRETE OPERATIONS, games w rules, larger group play
11-adult: FORMAL OPERATIONS
what is the 2 criteria for establishing that someone has an intellectual disability?
- having a significant limitation in cognitive functioning: IQ less than 70-75
- having a significant limitaion in 2 or more adaptive skills: conceptual, social, practical skills `
Down syndrome: what are the characteristics, and how does that impact PA
Down syndrome :
- extra chromosome 21 leads to cognitive and physical characteristics
- visual AND hearing impairments
- congenital heart defects, hole btw ventricle and atrium: chronotropic incomptenece: LOW max HR, cant do high impact PA
- dementia
hypothyroidism
epilepsy
- atlantoaxial instability: laxity in ligaments in 1st and 2nd cervical, forceful front of back movements may injure spinal cord, inc risk of dislocation
- delays in milestone achievements: motor(sitting walking crawling), language, social (smile, use spoon, control bowel ind dress)
FOR PA:
- no forceful high impact movement due to atlantoaxial instability and chronotropic incompetence(low max hr)
what is the most prevelent known cause of ID?
disabilities due to pregnant drinking (FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME)
- reuslts in ID, cog, behavioural disorders
Prader wili syndrome: what are the characteristics?
random, some genetic link
- INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, short stature, uncrontrollable apetite, speech delay, hypertonia(loose floppy), hyperphagia(overeating)–> obesity
