Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > mod 6 > Flashcards

mod 6 Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Ionise atoms

A

Process where electromagnetic waves interact with and cause atoms to lose or gain electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA repair system

A

Mechanism that corrects changes or damage to the DNA molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pyrimidine dimmers

A

Covalent linkages formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA due to UV light exposure, leading to mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ethidium bromide

A

Chemical used in molecular biology to visualize DNA, which can cause frameshift mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Jumping genes

A

Segments of DNA that can change their position in chromosomal DNA, leading to mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Point Mutations

A

Mutations that affect one or a few nucleotides within a gene sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation that has no effect on the encoded amino acid due to genetic code redundancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Mutation that changes or affects a long segment of DNA, such as deletion, inversion, translocation, or duplication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Genetic alterations acquired by a cell, usually caused by external mutagens, not passed onto offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Germ-line mutations

A

Mutations in germ cells (sperm or ovum) that may be passed onto offspring during fertilization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that encode for proteins, also known as genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that do not encode for proteins, making up the majority of the human genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of DNA involved in gene expression, making it into the final mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding segments of DNA that are usually not translated, but can affect gene expression if mutated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fertilisation

A

Process where two gametes come together to form a zygote, restoring the full set of chromosomes and causing genetic variation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division process that produces gametes, leading to genetic variation through mutation, crossing-over, and non-disjunction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during cell division, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in DNA sequence that can be caused by various factors such as EMR sources, chemicals, naturally occurring mutagens, point mutations, and chromosomal mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gene pool

A

The total genetic diversity found within a population, influenced by processes like mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genetic variation (different alleles) from one population to another through migration of individuals, leading to changes in allele frequency and genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequency within a population due to random events, such as bottlenecking and the founder effect, which can lead to loss of genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bottlenecking

A

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to a catastrophic event, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by combining genetic material from multiple sources, often achieved through the use of plasmids as carriers for foreign DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Transgenic animals
Animals that have had foreign genes inserted into their genome, often for the purpose of producing specific proteins or pharmaceuticals
26
Xenotransplantation
The transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another, often involving genetically modified animals as organ donors
27
Genetically modified (GM) crops
Plants that have had their genetic material altered through biotechnology to exhibit specific traits such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, or improved nutritional content
28
Biotechnology
The use of biological processes and organisms to develop new products and technologies, with applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry
29
Natural selection
The process by which organisms with advantageous traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the increase of those traits in a population over time
30
Nanotechnology
The manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale to create new materials and devices with a wide range of applications
31
Biodiversity
The variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within ecosystems, and diversity of ecosystems
32
Conservation
The sustainable use and management of natural resources to ensure their long-term viability, including efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity
33
Genetic variation
The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population, essential for adaptation and evolution in response to environmental changes
34
Green corridors
Strips of habitat that connect isolated patches of natural areas, allowing for the movement of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity
35
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body, offering great promise for medical research and treatment
36
Seed Banks
Facilities storing seeds for conservation and future use, such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
37
Plant Propagation
Reproduction and multiplication of plants using biotechnological methods to increase crop yield
38
Artificial Selection
Human-directed breeding of organisms with desirable traits to produce the next generation
39
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization process where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body and implanted into the uterus
40
Therapeutic Cloning
Creating embryonic stem cells for medical use by replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with a body cell's nucleus
41
Transgenic Species
Organisms containing genes from another species introduced through genetic engineering
42
Hybridization
Crossing genetically different strains to produce offspring with desirable traits
43
CRISPR
Genome editing technique using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
44
Gene Sequencing
Determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA segment to understand genetic information
45
Artificial Insemination
Deliberate introduction of sperm into the uterus of an organism without sexual intercourse
46
Artificial Pollination
Manually transferring pollen from one plant to another to influence traits and increase crop yields
47
Whole Organism Cloning
Creating a genetically identical organism through somatic cell nuclear transfer
48
Gene Cloning
Producing multiple identical copies of a specific DNA sequence for various applications
49
Plasmids
Circular DNA molecules used in gene cloning to carry the target gene into host organisms
50
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Amplifying DNA sequences in a test tube to produce multiple copies for analysis or modification
51
Gel Electrophoresis
Separating DNA fragments based on size and charge using an electric field in a gel matrix
52
PCR
Process to amplify DNA for HIV detection and forensic science.
53
Thermal Cycler
Device for PCR with denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps.
54
DNA Primers
Short DNA sequences for initiating DNA replication.
55
Taq Polymerase
Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase used in PCR.
56
Bacteriophages
Small viruses infecting bacteria via lytic or lysogenic cycles.
57
Transgenic Organism
Organism containing genes from another species.
58
Pharming
Use of genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals.
59
Biodegradable Plastics
Plastics decomposed by living organisms.
60
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals.
61
Melanoma
Type of skin cancer with high incidence in Australia.
62
Golden Rice
Genetically modified rice with increased vitamin A content.
63
Chromosomal Mutations
Re-arrangement of large DNA portions impacting organisms.
64
Crossing-over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
65
Anaphase
Stage of cell division when sister chromatids separate.
66
EMR Sources
Gamma rays, UV rays, x-rays

bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions