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mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Ionise atoms

A

Process where electromagnetic waves interact with and cause atoms to lose or gain electrons.

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2
Q

DNA repair system

A

Mechanism that corrects changes or damage to the DNA molecule.

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3
Q

Pyrimidine dimmers

A

Covalent linkages formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA due to UV light exposure, leading to mutations.

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4
Q

Ethidium bromide

A

Chemical used in molecular biology to visualize DNA, which can cause frameshift mutations.

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5
Q

Jumping genes

A

Segments of DNA that can change their position in chromosomal DNA, leading to mutations.

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6
Q

Point Mutations

A

Mutations that affect one or a few nucleotides within a gene sequence.

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7
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation that has no effect on the encoded amino acid due to genetic code redundancy.

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8
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Mutation that changes or affects a long segment of DNA, such as deletion, inversion, translocation, or duplication.

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9
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Genetic alterations acquired by a cell, usually caused by external mutagens, not passed onto offspring.

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10
Q

Germ-line mutations

A

Mutations in germ cells (sperm or ovum) that may be passed onto offspring during fertilization.

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11
Q

Coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that encode for proteins, also known as genes.

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12
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that do not encode for proteins, making up the majority of the human genome.

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13
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of DNA involved in gene expression, making it into the final mRNA.

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14
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding segments of DNA that are usually not translated, but can affect gene expression if mutated.

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15
Q

Fertilisation

A

Process where two gametes come together to form a zygote, restoring the full set of chromosomes and causing genetic variation.

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division process that produces gametes, leading to genetic variation through mutation, crossing-over, and non-disjunction.

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17
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during cell division, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells

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18
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in DNA sequence that can be caused by various factors such as EMR sources, chemicals, naturally occurring mutagens, point mutations, and chromosomal mutations

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19
Q

Gene pool

A

The total genetic diversity found within a population, influenced by processes like mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift

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20
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genetic variation (different alleles) from one population to another through migration of individuals, leading to changes in allele frequency and genetic diversity

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21
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequency within a population due to random events, such as bottlenecking and the founder effect, which can lead to loss of genetic variation

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22
Q

Bottlenecking

A

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to a catastrophic event, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity

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23
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

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24
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by combining genetic material from multiple sources, often achieved through the use of plasmids as carriers for foreign DNA

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25
Q

Transgenic animals

A

Animals that have had foreign genes inserted into their genome, often for the purpose of producing specific proteins or pharmaceuticals

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26
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

The transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another, often involving genetically modified animals as organ donors

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27
Q

Genetically modified (GM) crops

A

Plants that have had their genetic material altered through biotechnology to exhibit specific traits such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, or improved nutritional content

28
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of biological processes and organisms to develop new products and technologies, with applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry

29
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which organisms with advantageous traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the increase of those traits in a population over time

30
Q

Nanotechnology

A

The manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale to create new materials and devices with a wide range of applications

31
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within ecosystems, and diversity of ecosystems

32
Q

Conservation

A

The sustainable use and management of natural resources to ensure their long-term viability, including efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity

33
Q

Genetic variation

A

The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population, essential for adaptation and evolution in response to environmental changes

34
Q

Green corridors

A

Strips of habitat that connect isolated patches of natural areas, allowing for the movement of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity

35
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body, offering great promise for medical research and treatment

36
Q

Seed Banks

A

Facilities storing seeds for conservation and future use, such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault

37
Q

Plant Propagation

A

Reproduction and multiplication of plants using biotechnological methods to increase crop yield

38
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human-directed breeding of organisms with desirable traits to produce the next generation

39
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Fertilization process where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body and implanted into the uterus

40
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

Creating embryonic stem cells for medical use by replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with a body cell’s nucleus

41
Q

Transgenic Species

A

Organisms containing genes from another species introduced through genetic engineering

42
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing genetically different strains to produce offspring with desirable traits

43
Q

CRISPR

A

Genome editing technique using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

44
Q

Gene Sequencing

A

Determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA segment to understand genetic information

45
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Deliberate introduction of sperm into the uterus of an organism without sexual intercourse

46
Q

Artificial Pollination

A

Manually transferring pollen from one plant to another to influence traits and increase crop yields

47
Q

Whole Organism Cloning

A

Creating a genetically identical organism through somatic cell nuclear transfer

48
Q

Gene Cloning

A

Producing multiple identical copies of a specific DNA sequence for various applications

49
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular DNA molecules used in gene cloning to carry the target gene into host organisms

50
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Amplifying DNA sequences in a test tube to produce multiple copies for analysis or modification

51
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Separating DNA fragments based on size and charge using an electric field in a gel matrix

52
Q

PCR

A

Process to amplify DNA for HIV detection and forensic science.

53
Q

Thermal Cycler

A

Device for PCR with denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps.

54
Q

DNA Primers

A

Short DNA sequences for initiating DNA replication.

55
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase used in PCR.

56
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Small viruses infecting bacteria via lytic or lysogenic cycles.

57
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

Organism containing genes from another species.

58
Q

Pharming

A

Use of genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals.

59
Q

Biodegradable Plastics

A

Plastics decomposed by living organisms.

60
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Differences in DNA sequences among individuals.

61
Q

Melanoma

A

Type of skin cancer with high incidence in Australia.

62
Q

Golden Rice

A

Genetically modified rice with increased vitamin A content.

63
Q

Chromosomal Mutations

A

Re-arrangement of large DNA portions impacting organisms.

64
Q

Crossing-over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

65
Q

Anaphase

A

Stage of cell division when sister chromatids separate.

66
Q

EMR Sources

A

Gamma rays, UV rays, x-rays

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