Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > bio task 2 > Flashcards

bio task 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction without fusion of gametes, resulting in genetically identical offspring to the parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes, leading to genetic variation in offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal Fertilisation

A

The union of male and female gametes inside the body of the female parent, increasing the likelihood of successful fertilisation and higher offspring survival rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

External Fertilisation

A

The union of male and female gametes outside the body of the parent, leading to a large number of offspring but with decreased survival rates and higher energy expenditure to find a mate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EMR sources

A

Sources of electromagnetic radiation including gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet (UV) light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ionise atoms

A

Process where electromagnetic waves interact with and cause atoms to lose or gain electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA repair system

A

Mechanism that corrects changes or damage to the DNA molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pyrimidine dimmers

A

Covalent linkages formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA due to UV light exposure, leading to mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ethidium bromide

A

Chemical used in molecular biology to visualize DNA, which can cause frameshift mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Jumping genes

A

Segments of DNA that can change their position in chromosomal DNA, leading to mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Point Mutations

A

Mutations that affect one or a few nucleotides within a gene sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation that has no effect on the encoded amino acid due to genetic code redundancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Mutation that changes or affects a long segment of DNA, such as deletion, inversion, translocation, or duplication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Genetic alterations acquired by a cell, usually caused by external mutagens, not passed onto offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Germ-line mutations

A

Mutations in germ cells (sperm or ovum) that may be passed onto offspring during fertilization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that encode for proteins, also known as genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA sequences that do not encode for proteins, making up the majority of the human genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of DNA involved in gene expression, making it into the final mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding segments of DNA that are usually not translated, but can affect gene expression if mutated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fertilisation

A

Process where two gametes come together to form a zygote, restoring the full set of chromosomes and causing genetic variation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division process that produces gametes, leading to genetic variation through mutation, crossing-over, and non-disjunction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during cell division, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in DNA sequence that can be caused by various factors such as EMR sources, chemicals, naturally occurring mutagens, point mutations, and chromosomal mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gene pool

A

The total genetic diversity found within a population, influenced by processes like mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genetic variation (different alleles) from one population to another through migration of individuals, leading to changes in allele frequency and genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequency within a population due to random events, such as bottlenecking and the founder effect, which can lead to loss of genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bottlenecking

A

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to a catastrophic event, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by combining genetic material from multiple sources, often achieved through the use of plasmids as carriers for foreign DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Transgenic animals

A

Animals that have had foreign genes inserted into their genome, often for the purpose of producing specific proteins or pharmaceuticals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

The transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another, often involving genetically modified animals as organ donors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Genetically modified (GM) crops

A

Plants that have had their genetic material altered through biotechnology to exhibit specific traits such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, or improved nutritional content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of biological processes and organisms to develop new products and technologies, with applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which organisms with advantageous traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the increase of those traits in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nanotechnology

A

The manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale to create new materials and devices with a wide range of applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within ecosystems, and diversity of ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Conservation

A

The sustainable use and management of natural resources to ensure their long-term viability, including efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Genetic variation

A

The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population, essential for adaptation and evolution in response to environmental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Green corridors

A

Strips of habitat that connect isolated patches of natural areas, allowing for the movement of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body, offering great promise for medical research and treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Green Corridors

A

Connectivity between fragmented habitats to facilitate migration and genetic exchange among populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Seed Banks

A

Facilities storing seeds for conservation and future use, such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Plant Propagation

A

Reproduction and multiplication of plants using biotechnological methods to increase crop yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human-directed breeding of organisms with desirable traits to produce the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Fertilization process where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body and implanted into the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

Creating embryonic stem cells for medical use by replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with a body cell’s nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Transgenic Species

A

Organisms containing genes from another species introduced through genetic engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing genetically different strains to produce offspring with desirable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CRISPR

A

Genome editing technique using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Gene Sequencing

A

Determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA segment to understand genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Deliberate introduction of sperm into the uterus of an organism without sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Artificial Pollination

A

Manually transferring pollen from one plant to another to influence traits and increase crop yields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Whole Organism Cloning

A

Creating a genetically identical organism through somatic cell nuclear transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Gene Cloning

A

Producing multiple identical copies of a specific DNA sequence for various applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular DNA molecules used in gene cloning to carry the target gene into host organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Amplifying DNA sequences in a test tube to produce multiple copies for analysis or modification

57
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Separating DNA fragments based on size and charge using an electric field in a gel matrix

58
Q

PCR

A

Process to amplify DNA for HIV detection and forensic science.

59
Q

Thermal Cycler

A

Device for PCR with denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps.

60
Q

DNA Primers

A

Short DNA sequences for initiating DNA replication.

61
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase used in PCR.

62
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Small viruses infecting bacteria via lytic or lysogenic cycles.

63
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

Organism containing genes from another species.

64
Q

Pharming

A

Use of genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals.

65
Q

Biodegradable Plastics

A

Plastics decomposed by living organisms.

66
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Differences in DNA sequences among individuals.

67
Q

Melanoma

A

Type of skin cancer with high incidence in Australia.

68
Q

Golden Rice

A

Genetically modified rice with increased vitamin A content.

69
Q

Chromosomal Mutations

A

Re-arrangement of large DNA portions impacting organisms.

70
Q

Crossing-over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

71
Q

Anaphase

A

Stage of cell division when sister chromatids separate.

72
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

A form of asexual reproduction in plants, using vegetative parts to propagate new plants, resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring.

73
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower, leading to the formation of seeds and fruits, aiding in the maintenance of genetic diversity within a population.

74
Q

Budding

A

A form of asexual reproduction in fungi, where a small bud grows on the surface of the organism, eventually breaking off to form a new individual.

75
Q

Sporulation

A

The process of producing spores, which are reproductive cells capable of developing into a new organism, aiding in the dispersal and reproduction of fungi.

76
Q

Binary Fission

A

A form of asexual reproduction in bacteria and protists, where a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells, contributing to rapid population growth.

77
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism can produce offspring without mating, increasing the chance of survival.

78
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The process of gamete formation, including spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females, essential for sexual reproduction.

79
Q

Haploid

A

A cell containing half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell, crucial for the formation of gametes and genetic diversity.

80
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation, developing into a new organism with a mixed genotype from both parents.

81
Q

Implantation

A

The attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium, allowing the embryo to access nutrients and develop, facilitated by the secretion of hormones such as human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).

82
Q

Menstruation

A

Uterine bleeding, accompanied by shedding of the endometrium for 1-4 days

83
Q

Pre-ovulation

A

Endometrial repair begins; ovarian follicle development; uterine lining thickens for 5-12 days

84
Q

Ovulation

A

Rupture of mature follicle, releasing egg on days 13-15

85
Q

Secretion

A

Watery mucus secretion by endometrium, cervix, and uterine tubes; unfertilized egg movement and breakdown; corpus luteum development for 16-20 days

86
Q

Pre-menstruation

A

Degeneration of corpus luteum; deterioration of endometrium for 21-28 days

87
Q

HCG

A

Embryotic hormone maintaining corpus luteum and receptive uterus lining in first trimester of pregnancy

88
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone from placenta prohibiting muscle contractions in uterus

89
Q

Oestrogen

A

Hormone from placenta for female reproductive system development and regulation

90
Q

FSH

A

Pituitary gland hormone stimulating follicle maturation

91
Q

LH

A

Pituitary gland hormone stimulating ovulation and corpus luteum development

92
Q

GnRH

A

Hypothalamus hormone stimulating pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

93
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone inducing uterine contractions and critical for triggering and maintaining labor

94
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Inserting sperm cells from a male animal with desirable traits into the uterus of a female for impregnation and producing offspring

95
Q

Artificial pollination

A

Controlled transfer of pollen from one selected flower to another to determine parentage of next generation plants

96
Q

Cloning

A

Asexual reproduction creating genetically identical offspring to the parent, either by plant stem cell or animal genetic material implantation

97
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures containing DNA and proteins that must replicate for cell division

98
Q

DNA Replication

A

Formation of two identical DNA strands from one, involving unzipping, replication fork, primer binding, DNA synthesis, Okazaki fragments, and re-formation of double helix

99
Q

DNA Structure

A

Double helix made of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar, and 4 types of nitrogenous bases

100
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells

101
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

102
Q

Watson and Crick DNA Model

A

Model explaining DNA structure with nucleotide composition, pairing, bonding, and double helix formation

103
Q

Ligase

A

Enzyme that joins new DNA strands and reconnects hydrogen bonds of base pairs.

104
Q

Interphase

A

Stage where DNA is replicated, new organelles are made, and the cell increases in size.

105
Q

Prophase

A

Phase in mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles separate, and spindles form.

106
Q

Metaphase

A

Shortest phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell and spindle fibres attach to them.

107
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase of mitosis where spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart, causing chromatids to move towards centrioles.

108
Q

Telophase

A

Phase where 2 nuclei form, DNA uncoils, and in animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in to form 2 daughter cells.

109
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm creating 2 new cells, begins in telophase.

110
Q

Crossing-over

A

Occurs in Meiosis I, increases genetic variety in offspring and species population.

111
Q

Random assortment

A

Occurs in Metaphase I of Meiosis I, increases genetic variety by mixing genes from both parents.

112
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Have DNA in nucleoid, circular chromosome, simultaneous protein synthesis, and 1 allele per gene.

113
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have DNA in nucleus, linear chromosomes, non-simultaneous protein synthesis, and 2 alleles per gene.

114
Q

Transcription

A

Process where a gene’s DNA sequence is copied to make an RNA molecule.

115
Q

Translation

A

Process where mRNA is decoded to build a protein containing a specific series of amino acids.

116
Q

mRNA

A

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

117
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the correct codons on the mRNA.

118
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s complete set of genetic material.

119
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s observable traits, influenced by both genotype and the environment.

120
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment influenced by genes and sunlight, protecting skin from UV radiation

121
Q

Proteins

A

3D structures made of amino acid chains, with functions like signaling, enzymes, and storage

122
Q

Primary structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

123
Q

Secondary structure

A

Folding of the amino acid sequence due to hydrogen bonding

124
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D shape of a protein due to interactions with its immediate environment

125
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Structure of a protein made up of multiple polypeptide chains

126
Q

Autosomal

A

Gene not on a sex chromosome, one of the 22 numbered chromosomes

127
Q

Sex Linkage

A

Determination of an individual’s sex by the sex chromosomes contributed by the sperm and egg

128
Q

Co-Dominance

A

Both alleles expressed equally, e.g. roan cattle with red and white coat

129
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype in between both alleles when an individual is heterozygous

130
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

More than two alleles for a trait, e.g. blood type in humans

131
Q

Dihybrid Crosses

A

Crosses considering the inheritance of two characteristics simultaneously

132
Q

Pedigrees

A

Family records used to study the transmission of hereditary conditions

133
Q

Allele Frequency

A

Genetic variability in populations determined by relative amounts of phenotypes, genotypes, or alleles

134
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP’s)

A

Variations at a single base pair in DNA, creating different phenotypes

135
Q

Short Tandem Repeats (STR’s)

A

Non-coding DNA with repeating nucleotide strings, used for paternity tests and crime investigations

136
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

Determining the sequence of nucleotide bases of a gene on a chromosome

137
Q

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A

Technique to make many copies of a specific region of DNA in vitro

138
Q

DNA Profiling

A

Identifying and comparing individuals by their DNA characteristics

139
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique to separate DNA fragments based on their size, used in DNA profiling

bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions