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bio task 3 state rankers Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Define PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction - a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence, allowing for the production of many copies of that sequence.

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2
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that can replicate DNA by catalyzing the synthesis of new DNA strands complementary to a template strand.

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3
Q

Define DNA template

A

The original DNA strand that serves as a model for the synthesis of new DNA strands during replication.

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4
Q

Define primer

A

Short, single-stranded DNA sequences that serve as starting points for DNA synthesis during PCR.

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5
Q

Define denaturation

A

The process of separating the double-stranded DNA molecule into single strands, typically done by heating the sample.

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6
Q

Define annealing

A

The step in PCR where the primers bind to their complementary sequences on the DNA template.

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7
Q

Define extension

A

The step in PCR where the DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands complementary to the template.

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8
Q

Define cycle

A

One round of the three main steps in PCR: denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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9
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the genetic material of a cell – the sequence of nucleotides is altered.

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10
Q

Define mutagen

A

An environmental agent that alters DNA and causes mutations.

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11
Q

Define mutagenesis

A

The process of inducing a mutation.

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12
Q

Define induced mutation

A

A mutation that results from exposure to a mutagen.

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13
Q

Define carcinogenic

A

Cancer-causing.

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14
Q

Define alkylating agent

A

A chemical mutagen that adds methyl and ethyl groups to different parts of DNA nucleotides.

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15
Q

Define base analogue

A

A chemical mutagen that is similar in structure to the nitrogenous bases of DNA and can be mistakenly integrated into DNA during replication.

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16
Q

Define intercalating agent

A

A chemical mutagen that inserts itself between DNA bases, causing a code frameshift.

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17
Q

Define non-biological mutagen

A

A naturally occurring mutagen that is not biological in origin, such as metals.

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18
Q

Define biological mutagen

A

A naturally occurring mutagen that is biological in origin, such as viruses, bacteria, and their products.

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19
Q

Define transposon

A

Sections of DNA that can spontaneously fragment and relocate or multiply within the genome.

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20
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that has sufficient energy to detach electrons from atoms and thereby ionize them, breaking chemical bonds in molecules including DNA.

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21
Q

Define non-ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, such as UV, visible light, and radio waves.

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22
Q

Define pyrimidine dimer

A

Adjacent pairs of thymine or cytosine bases on the same DNA strand that become attached to each other due to UV radiation.

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23
Q

Define point mutation

A

A single nucleotide variation in the DNA sequence.

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24
Q

Define frameshift mutation

A

A mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide pair, shifting the reading frame of the DNA.

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25
Define nonsense mutation
A point mutation that creates a premature stop codon, resulting in a shortened polypeptide.
26
Define missense mutation
A point mutation that results in the coding of a different amino acid.
27
Define silent mutation
A point mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
28
Define neutral mutation
A point mutation that results in a change in amino acid, but the new amino acid is the same type as the original.
29
Define chromosomal deletion
A mutation where a section of DNA is removed and not replaced.
30
Define chromosomal insertion
A mutation where a portion of DNA is duplicated and inserted into a chromosome.
31
Define chromosomal inversion
A mutation where a section of DNA is removed, turned around 180 degrees, and reinserted.
32
Define chromosomal translocation
A mutation where a section of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome.
33
Define aneuploidy
A change in the normal chromosome number, either an extra copy or a missing chromosome.
34
Define somatic mutation
A mutation that occurs in somatic cells and is not passed on to offspring.
35
Define germline mutation
A mutation that occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.
36
Define coding DNA
DNA that directly codes for proteins.
37
Define non-coding DNA
DNA that does not code directly for proteins, including regulatory sequences, introns, and repetitive sequences.
38
Define junk DNA
Non-coding DNA that has no known protein-coding or regulatory function.
39
Define biotechnology
The use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or process.
40
Define transgenic organism
An organism that contains foreign DNA that has been integrated into its genome.
41
Define gene therapy
An experimental technique to introduce genetic material into a cell to compensate for abnormal genes or to synthesize a beneficial protein.
42
Define selective breeding
The breeding of plants or animals to achieve desirable traits and phenotypes.
43
Define artificial insemination
The process of collecting sperm from a chosen male and artificially introducing it into selected females.
44
Define in vitro fertilisation
The process of fertilising an egg outside of the mother's body and transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus.
45
Define artificial pollination
The process of manually removing the stamen of an angiosperm and dusting pollen onto the stigma.
46
Define gene cloning
The process of producing identical copies of a gene.
47
Define whole organism cloning
The process of producing an entire organism that is genetically identical to another.
48
Define CRISPR
A gene editing tool that uses guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to cleave DNA at a specific location.
49
Define reproduction
Making a copy or likeness
50
Define sexual reproduction
Involves 2 parents who produce offspring that are a combination of both parent's genetic material through the fusion of multiple gametes
51
Define asexual reproduction
Involves only 1 parent giving rise to offspring mostly genetically identical to the parent
52
Define external fertilization
Occurs in either aquatic environments (marine or amphibious creatures) or moist terrestrial environments
53
Define internal fertilization
Organisms undergoing internal fertilization are often adapted to terrestrial environments
54
Define pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma
55
Define self-pollination
Pollen can transfer to stigma of same plant
56
Define cross-pollination
Pollen can transfer to stigma of different plant
57
Define seed dispersal
After pollination and fertilization, seeds are dispersed from the ovary
58
Define germination
The process where the seed remains dormant until suitable soil is reached to start growing
59
Define budding
An adult organism gives rise to a small bud which separates from the parent and grows into a new organism
60
Define binary fission
The main method of asexual reproduction for unicellular organisms like bacteria and protists
61
Define spores
Tiny, unicellular, reproductive cells produced in great numbers
62
Define fertilization
The fusion of male and female gametes
63
Define implantation
When the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it embeds into the endometrium
64
Define ovarian cycle
Includes the follicular phase and the luteinizing phase
65
Define menstrual cycle
Starts with menses, endometrium breaks down, then a new endometrial lining begins to form
66
Define selective breeding
Phenotypic traits are hereditary so farmers selectively mate plants and animals to achieve desirable traits
67
Define artificial insemination
The injection of male semen into the vagina or cervix of a female without sexual intercourse
68
Define artificial pollination
Involves human taking pollen from one plant with certain desired features and placing it on the stigma of the same or another plant
69
Define genetic engineering
Knowledge of DNA structure and genetic techniques allows agriculturalists to manipulate organisms on a fundamental level
70
Define mitosis
Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent (2n)
71
Define meiosis
Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells with half the chromosome number for production of gametes
72
Define the cell cycle
Cell division and enlargement occur in a continuous cycle
73
Define interphase
The gap phase for cell growth before DNA replication, assimilation, and the synthesis phase where DNA replicates
74
Define DNA replication
The production of 2 identical double stranded molecules of DNA from one original DNA molecule
75
Define DNA repair
When an incorrect base is inserted in DNA replication, DNA polymerase recognizes the base pair mismatch, excises the incorrect base, and replaces it with the correct one
76
Define genetic continuity
The way of preserving genetic information across generations
77
Define autosomal recessive inheritance
Occurs when a version of each trait in an individual is inherited from both parents, controlled by alleles
78
Define sex-linkage
Occurs when genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes code for characteristics other than the gender of an individual
79
Define incomplete dominance
Shows a blending of characteristics of the two alleles, creating a hybrid, intermediate phenotype
80
Define codominance
Both alleles are expressed, creating a new phenotype
81
Define multiple alleles
Within a population, there may be three or more alleles for a single gene trait
82
Define the gene pool
The sum total of all genes and alleles in a population
83
Define genetic diversity
The total of all the genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species
84
Define single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A variation resulting from change in a single nucleotide present at a particular locus of a genome in over 1% of the population

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