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bio task 3 state rankers Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction - a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence, allowing for the production of many copies of that sequence.

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2
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that can replicate DNA by catalyzing the synthesis of new DNA strands complementary to a template strand.

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3
Q

Define DNA template

A

The original DNA strand that serves as a model for the synthesis of new DNA strands during replication.

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4
Q

Define primer

A

Short, single-stranded DNA sequences that serve as starting points for DNA synthesis during PCR.

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5
Q

Define denaturation

A

The process of separating the double-stranded DNA molecule into single strands, typically done by heating the sample.

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6
Q

Define annealing

A

The step in PCR where the primers bind to their complementary sequences on the DNA template.

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7
Q

Define extension

A

The step in PCR where the DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands complementary to the template.

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8
Q

Define cycle

A

One round of the three main steps in PCR: denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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9
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the genetic material of a cell – the sequence of nucleotides is altered.

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10
Q

Define mutagen

A

An environmental agent that alters DNA and causes mutations.

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11
Q

Define mutagenesis

A

The process of inducing a mutation.

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12
Q

Define induced mutation

A

A mutation that results from exposure to a mutagen.

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13
Q

Define carcinogenic

A

Cancer-causing.

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14
Q

Define alkylating agent

A

A chemical mutagen that adds methyl and ethyl groups to different parts of DNA nucleotides.

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15
Q

Define base analogue

A

A chemical mutagen that is similar in structure to the nitrogenous bases of DNA and can be mistakenly integrated into DNA during replication.

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16
Q

Define intercalating agent

A

A chemical mutagen that inserts itself between DNA bases, causing a code frameshift.

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17
Q

Define non-biological mutagen

A

A naturally occurring mutagen that is not biological in origin, such as metals.

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18
Q

Define biological mutagen

A

A naturally occurring mutagen that is biological in origin, such as viruses, bacteria, and their products.

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19
Q

Define transposon

A

Sections of DNA that can spontaneously fragment and relocate or multiply within the genome.

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20
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that has sufficient energy to detach electrons from atoms and thereby ionize them, breaking chemical bonds in molecules including DNA.

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21
Q

Define non-ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, such as UV, visible light, and radio waves.

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22
Q

Define pyrimidine dimer

A

Adjacent pairs of thymine or cytosine bases on the same DNA strand that become attached to each other due to UV radiation.

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23
Q

Define point mutation

A

A single nucleotide variation in the DNA sequence.

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24
Q

Define frameshift mutation

A

A mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide pair, shifting the reading frame of the DNA.

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25
Q

Define nonsense mutation

A

A point mutation that creates a premature stop codon, resulting in a shortened polypeptide.

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26
Q

Define missense mutation

A

A point mutation that results in the coding of a different amino acid.

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27
Q

Define silent mutation

A

A point mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.

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28
Q

Define neutral mutation

A

A point mutation that results in a change in amino acid, but the new amino acid is the same type as the original.

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29
Q

Define chromosomal deletion

A

A mutation where a section of DNA is removed and not replaced.

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30
Q

Define chromosomal insertion

A

A mutation where a portion of DNA is duplicated and inserted into a chromosome.

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31
Q

Define chromosomal inversion

A

A mutation where a section of DNA is removed, turned around 180 degrees, and reinserted.

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32
Q

Define chromosomal translocation

A

A mutation where a section of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome.

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33
Q

Define aneuploidy

A

A change in the normal chromosome number, either an extra copy or a missing chromosome.

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34
Q

Define somatic mutation

A

A mutation that occurs in somatic cells and is not passed on to offspring.

35
Q

Define germline mutation

A

A mutation that occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.

36
Q

Define coding DNA

A

DNA that directly codes for proteins.

37
Q

Define non-coding DNA

A

DNA that does not code directly for proteins, including regulatory sequences, introns, and repetitive sequences.

38
Q

Define junk DNA

A

Non-coding DNA that has no known protein-coding or regulatory function.

39
Q

Define biotechnology

A

The use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or process.

40
Q

Define transgenic organism

A

An organism that contains foreign DNA that has been integrated into its genome.

41
Q

Define gene therapy

A

An experimental technique to introduce genetic material into a cell to compensate for abnormal genes or to synthesize a beneficial protein.

42
Q

Define selective breeding

A

The breeding of plants or animals to achieve desirable traits and phenotypes.

43
Q

Define artificial insemination

A

The process of collecting sperm from a chosen male and artificially introducing it into selected females.

44
Q

Define in vitro fertilisation

A

The process of fertilising an egg outside of the mother’s body and transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus.

45
Q

Define artificial pollination

A

The process of manually removing the stamen of an angiosperm and dusting pollen onto the stigma.

46
Q

Define gene cloning

A

The process of producing identical copies of a gene.

47
Q

Define whole organism cloning

A

The process of producing an entire organism that is genetically identical to another.

48
Q

Define CRISPR

A

A gene editing tool that uses guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to cleave DNA at a specific location.

49
Q

Define reproduction

A

Making a copy or likeness

50
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Involves 2 parents who produce offspring that are a combination of both parent’s genetic material through the fusion of multiple gametes

51
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Involves only 1 parent giving rise to offspring mostly genetically identical to the parent

52
Q

Define external fertilization

A

Occurs in either aquatic environments (marine or amphibious creatures) or moist terrestrial environments

53
Q

Define internal fertilization

A

Organisms undergoing internal fertilization are often adapted to terrestrial environments

54
Q

Define pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma

55
Q

Define self-pollination

A

Pollen can transfer to stigma of same plant

56
Q

Define cross-pollination

A

Pollen can transfer to stigma of different plant

57
Q

Define seed dispersal

A

After pollination and fertilization, seeds are dispersed from the ovary

58
Q

Define germination

A

The process where the seed remains dormant until suitable soil is reached to start growing

59
Q

Define budding

A

An adult organism gives rise to a small bud which separates from the parent and grows into a new organism

60
Q

Define binary fission

A

The main method of asexual reproduction for unicellular organisms like bacteria and protists

61
Q

Define spores

A

Tiny, unicellular, reproductive cells produced in great numbers

62
Q

Define fertilization

A

The fusion of male and female gametes

63
Q

Define implantation

A

When the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it embeds into the endometrium

64
Q

Define ovarian cycle

A

Includes the follicular phase and the luteinizing phase

65
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

Starts with menses, endometrium breaks down, then a new endometrial lining begins to form

66
Q

Define selective breeding

A

Phenotypic traits are hereditary so farmers selectively mate plants and animals to achieve desirable traits

67
Q

Define artificial insemination

A

The injection of male semen into the vagina or cervix of a female without sexual intercourse

68
Q

Define artificial pollination

A

Involves human taking pollen from one plant with certain desired features and placing it on the stigma of the same or another plant

69
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

Knowledge of DNA structure and genetic techniques allows agriculturalists to manipulate organisms on a fundamental level

70
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent (2n)

71
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells with half the chromosome number for production of gametes

72
Q

Define the cell cycle

A

Cell division and enlargement occur in a continuous cycle

73
Q

Define interphase

A

The gap phase for cell growth before DNA replication, assimilation, and the synthesis phase where DNA replicates

74
Q

Define DNA replication

A

The production of 2 identical double stranded molecules of DNA from one original DNA molecule

75
Q

Define DNA repair

A

When an incorrect base is inserted in DNA replication, DNA polymerase recognizes the base pair mismatch, excises the incorrect base, and replaces it with the correct one

76
Q

Define genetic continuity

A

The way of preserving genetic information across generations

77
Q

Define autosomal recessive inheritance

A

Occurs when a version of each trait in an individual is inherited from both parents, controlled by alleles

78
Q

Define sex-linkage

A

Occurs when genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes code for characteristics other than the gender of an individual

79
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

Shows a blending of characteristics of the two alleles, creating a hybrid, intermediate phenotype

80
Q

Define codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed, creating a new phenotype

81
Q

Define multiple alleles

A

Within a population, there may be three or more alleles for a single gene trait

82
Q

Define the gene pool

A

The sum total of all genes and alleles in a population

83
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The total of all the genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

84
Q

Define single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

A variation resulting from change in a single nucleotide present at a particular locus of a genome in over 1% of the population

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