MOD 6 Flashcards
Base Deletion
Base deletion refers to the removal of a nucleotide base from a DNA or RNA molecule, potentially causing genetic mutations or functional changes in the genetic code.
Codon
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or a start/stop signal in protein synthesis.
Translation
the process by which a ribosome synthesises a protein by decoding the information in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. (TRNA)
Transcription
the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA molecules. (MRNA)
TRNA
tRNA (transfer RNA) is a type of RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome during translation of mRNA.
MRNA
mRNA (messenger RNA) is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, directing the synthesis of proteins in cells.
Ribosome
A ribosome is a cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis by assembling amino acids into polypeptide chains according to instructions from messenger RNA.
Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the biological process by which cells build proteins using the information encoded in DNA to assemble specific sequences of amino acids.
Polypeptide chain
A polypeptide chain is a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming the basic structure of proteins.
Amino Acid
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, essential organic compounds linked together in chains to form diverse biological functions.
Chromosome
A chromosome is a thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information that is passed from one generation to another in living organisms.
Base Insertion
Base insertion refers to the addition of an extra nucleotide in a DNA or RNA sequence during replication or transcription, potentially causing genetic mutations.
Base Substitution
Base substitution is a type of genetic mutation where one DNA base is replaced by another in a DNA sequence.
Point Mutation
A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation that involves the alteration of a single nucleotide base in a DNA sequence.
Frameshift Mutation
A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, disrupting the correct reading frame during translation and leading to a completely different protein product.
Structural Chromosomal Mutation
A structural chromosomal mutation is a genetic alteration involving changes in the arrangement or composition of segments within a chromosome, potentially leading to genetic disorders or variations in an organism.
Chromosomal Number Mutation
Chromosomal number mutation is a genetic alteration involving changes in the total number of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, which can lead to various developmental abnormalities or disorders.
Genetic Flow
the transfer of genetic material from one population to another within a species, typically through interbreeding, which can lead to genetic diversity and evolutionary changes.
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift, in biology, refers to the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population over generations due to chance events.
Zygote
A zygote is the initial cell formed by the fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) during fertilisation, from which an organism develops.
Somatic Mutation
A somatic mutation is a genetic alteration that occurs in a body cell after conception, leading to changes in the DNA sequence that are not inherited by offspring.
Germ Mutation
A germ cell mutation is a genetic alteration that occurs in the reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring, potentially leading to heritable genetic changes.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is the process by which information encoded in a gene’s DNA is converted into functional products, such as proteins or RNA molecules, determining the traits and functions of an organism.
Artificial Pollination
Artificial pollination, also known as hand pollination, involves the manual transfer of pollen from the stamen (male reproductive part) to the stigma (female reproductive part) of a flower to facilitate fertilization and reproduction in plants.
Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction become more prevalent in a population over successive generations.
Artificial Insemnation
Involves inserting the male partner’s (or donor’s) prepared semen through the neck of the womb (cervix) and into the uterus, close to the time of ovulation.
Transgenic
an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.
Cell Differentiation
Cell differentiation is thus a transition of a cell from one cell type to another and it involves a switch from one pattern of gene expression to another.
Trans-gene Process
The trans-gene is inserted into a plasmid by using enzymes. The plasmid is then placed into a bacterial host. As the host reproduces the plasmid is copied and so is the trans-gene (gene cloning). This is done in order to produce multiple copies of the gene.
