Mod 5 Exam 5

Question 1

Pre mature infant

Answer 1

Born before 37th week

Question 2

Phenylketonuria (PKU) - type and cause

Answer 2

Congenital, autosomal recessive. Enzye phenlyalanine hydroxylase (PAH) converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. Defective PAH inc concentration of phenylalanine - neurotoxic. Tyrosine needed for dopamin production.

Question 3

Teratogen

Answer 3

Env agent that may cause malformation on an embryo/ fetus, causing a congenital anomaly. Ex alcohol, drugs, ionizing radiation

Question 4

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 4

Most severe of the FASD. Associated with 4+ drinks/ day. Height and weight below 10th percentile. Flattened philtrum, thin upper lip, decreased eye width. CNS impairment - dec in white matter. Cognitive deficiency, functional impairment, behavioral problems.

Question 5

TORCH S/ S

Answer 5

Infection before 3 weeks - spontaneous abortion
After 3 weeks - micocephaly, intellectual disability, eye problems, congenital heart disease, pneumonia, hepatitis, hemorrhage. Transmitted to fetus by crossing the placenta, or by vaginal birth.

Question 6

Nutrient deficiency - folate/ folic acid (vit B9)

Answer 6

Essential for closure of embryonic neural tube. Spinda bifida and anencephaly

Question 7

Nutrient deficiency - Vit A

Answer 7

Impt for formation of heart, limbs, eyes, ears. Congenital anomalies, low birth weight, premature. Excess - teratogenic.

Question 8

Aplasia

Answer 8

organ or part of organ is missing

Question 9

Ectrodactyly

Answer 9

Lacking one or more digits

Question 10

Polydactyly

Answer 10

Extra one or more digits

Question 11

Phocomelia

Answer 11

malformation of arms and legs. Caused by teratogen Thalidomide.

Question 12

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 12

Failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth. DA is a fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs. Can lead to pulmonary hypertension > permanent lung damage, even heart failure.

Question 13

Atrial septal defect

Answer 13

Formane ovale of the septum fails to close. Risk of pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Question 14

Hypertrophy

Answer 14

Increased cellular size. Ex: Muscle cells- cannot meet increased demand by dividing, must adapt by growing larger

Question 15

Metaplasia

Answer 15

One mature cell type differentiates into another. Ex: Lung epithelial cells in smokers: Columnar > squamous

Question 16

What is the neural tube, and when does it close?

Answer 16

It is a hallow tube from which the brain and spinal cord develop. It closes by the 4th week of gestation.

Question 17

Spina bifida

Answer 17

Spinal column doesn’t close properly. Three type: SB occulta, Meningocele and Myelomeningocele.

Question 18

Anencephaly

Answer 18

The brain and skull fail to develop, babies born with this are usually still born or die shortly after birth :(

Question 19

Microcephaly

Answer 19

Brain does not develop properly, so head is smaller. Results in intellectual disability and functional impairment.

Question 20

Cerebral palsy - cause, risk factors, symptoms

Answer 20

Motor impairment form brain damage. Mostly from prenatal reasons, can be from childbirth and post natal injury. Risk factors: low birth wt, premature, small size. Symptoms: paralysis, difficulty controlling body movements, ataxia

Question 21

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 21

Sudden or unexpected death between 2 w - 1 yoa. Risk factors: sleeping prone, premature/ low birth weight, males more likely than females, mother under 20 yoa, mother smoking/ using drugs, bulky bedding/ blankets, lower socioeconomic status