Mod 5 - 6 Flashcards
Piaget Assimilation vs. accommodation
- He hypothesized that children use Assimilation to absorb new information into existing schemas.
- When assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemas to fit the newly acquired information through accommodation
What are Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development and age group that coincides
sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
preoperational (2-6 yrs)
concrete operational (6-12 yrs)
formal operations (12-18 yrs)
Within the sensorimotor stage are six substages that apply to 0-2 yr. olds. Describe the 1st substage (1st month after birth)
involves simple reflexes like grasping and visual tracking but they make no effort to grasp objects that they visual track.
The second substage of sensorimotor occurs at 1-4 months and is called primary circular reactions. What happens in this stage
The infant is discovering his fingers, and hands by chance and then repeats the action.
Third substage of sensorimotor stage (4 to 8 months) - Secondary circular reactions. This stage includes
o include repeated patterns of activity due to effect on the environment
o focus shifts objects and environmental events
Fourth substage (8 to 12 months)
Infants begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior in which they differentiate between the means of achieving a goal and the goal or end itself
Fifth substage (12 to 18 months) - Tertiary circular reactions. Describe
purposeful adaptations of established schemes to specific situations
Sixth substage (18 to 24 months)
•Transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought
o External exploration replaced by mental exploration
o Use imitation to symbolize or stand for a plan of action
Object permanence
• occurs after __ months of age and occurs when the
6 months
occurs when the infant recognizes that an object or person continues to exist when out of sight. It is an important aspect of Piaget’s sensorimotor development.
Memory improves between __ and __ months of age.
- Older infants are more capable of…
- Infant memory can be improved if..
- Memory improves between 2 and 6 months of age.
- Older infants more capable of encoding than younger ones
- Infant memory can be improved if infants receive a reminder.
describe Deferred Imitation
see txt book p. 88
- Imitation of actions after a time delay occurs as early as 6 months
- Imitation of neonates likely reflexive
describe cooing
Second month, infants use tongues, vowel-like sounds; appears to be linked to pleasure; reciprocal with caregivers E.g. “ooh” and “ah” sounds
Describe Secure attachment (most infants in Canada)
– Mildly protest mom’s departure & seek interaction when reunited
– Are readily comforted by mom
– Are happier, more sociable, and more cooperative with caregivers
– Get along better with peers and are better adjusted at school at 5 and 6 years old
Study by Harlow and Harlow on rhesus monkey infants indicates that humans may have a need for…
have a need for contact comfort that is as basic as the need for food.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by
impairment in social communication and social interaction across contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, activities, or interests.
*see notes for more deets
Definition of echolalia
automatic repetition of sounds or words
Biological causes of autism - evidence
• Concordance rates for autism are about 60% among pairs of identical (MZ) twins.
– LBW (low birth weight)
– Advanced maternal age
– Neurological abnormalities
• Brain-wave patterns
• Neurotransmitter sensitivity
• Unusual activity in motor region of cerebral cortex
Benefits of daycare
Children with daycare experience are more peer-oriented and play at higher developmental levels, share, more independent, self-confident, outgoing, affectionate, helpful, and cooperative; greater academic performance
Who experiences stranger anxiety?
Development of fear of strangers; appears at 6 to 9 months of age; 4 to 5 months, infants compare face of a stranger with mother’s face; older infants will display crying, whimpering, gazing fearfully, and crawling away; peaks at 9 to 12 months of age; declines in second year
Thomas and Chess (1989) identified three types of temperament. Describe
- Easy child (40%) - regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations with enthusiasm, and is generally cheerful
- Difficult child (10%)- irregular sleep and feeding schedules, is slow to accept new people, takes a long time adapting to new routines, and is prone to emotional outbursts
- Slow-to-warm-up child (15%) - falls between the two categories
Socialization of gender stereotypes
- Adults are more likely to offer girl babies a doll and offer a boy baby a hammer or football, even when sex of baby is disguised
- Fathers are more likely to encourage rough-and-tumble-play with their sons
- Parents talk more to daughters than to sons
- Parents smile more at daughters and are more emotionally expressive with them
- Boys are dressed in blue; girls in pink; bedroom decor matches these gender-specific colours
- Fathers show negative reactions when son plays with girls’ toys
