Mod 5 - 6

Question 1

Piaget Assimilation vs. accommodation

Answer 1

• He hypothesized that children use Assimilation to absorb new information into existing schemas.
• When assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemas to fit the newly acquired information through accommodation

Question 2

What are Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development and age group that coincides

Answer 2

sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
preoperational (2-6 yrs)
concrete operational (6-12 yrs)
formal operations (12-18 yrs)

Question 3

Within the sensorimotor stage are six substages that apply to 0-2 yr. olds. Describe the 1st substage (1st month after birth)

Answer 3

involves simple reflexes like grasping and visual tracking but they make no effort to grasp objects that they visual track.

Question 4

The second substage of sensorimotor occurs at 1-4 months and is called primary circular reactions. What happens in this stage

Answer 4

The infant is discovering his fingers, and hands by chance and then repeats the action.

Question 5

Third substage of sensorimotor stage (4 to 8 months) - Secondary circular reactions. This stage includes

Answer 5

o include repeated patterns of activity due to effect on the environment
o focus shifts objects and environmental events

Question 6

Fourth substage (8 to 12 months)

Answer 6

Infants begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior in which they differentiate between the means of achieving a goal and the goal or end itself

Question 7

Fifth substage (12 to 18 months)
- Tertiary circular reactions. Describe

Answer 7

purposeful adaptations of established schemes to specific situations

Question 8

Sixth substage (18 to 24 months)

Answer 8

•Transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought
o External exploration replaced by mental exploration
o Use imitation to symbolize or stand for a plan of action

Question 9

Object permanence

• occurs after __ months of age and occurs when the

Answer 9

6 months
occurs when the infant recognizes that an object or person continues to exist when out of sight. It is an important aspect of Piaget’s sensorimotor development.

Question 10

Memory improves between __ and __ months of age.

• Older infants are more capable of…
• Infant memory can be improved if..

Answer 10

• Memory improves between 2 and 6 months of age.
• Older infants more capable of encoding than younger ones
• Infant memory can be improved if infants receive a reminder.

Question 11

describe Deferred Imitation

see txt book p. 88

Answer 11

• Imitation of actions after a time delay occurs as early as 6 months
• Imitation of neonates likely reflexive

Question 12

describe cooing

Answer 12

Second month, infants use tongues, vowel-like sounds; appears to be linked to pleasure; reciprocal with caregivers E.g. “ooh” and “ah” sounds

Question 13

Describe Secure attachment (most infants in Canada)

Answer 13

– Mildly protest mom’s departure & seek interaction when reunited
– Are readily comforted by mom
– Are happier, more sociable, and more cooperative with caregivers
– Get along better with peers and are better adjusted at school at 5 and 6 years old

Question 14

Study by Harlow and Harlow on rhesus monkey infants indicates that humans may have a need for…

Answer 14

have a need for contact comfort that is as basic as the need for food.

Question 15

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by

Answer 15

impairment in social communication and social interaction across contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, activities, or interests.
*see notes for more deets

Question 16

Definition of echolalia

Answer 16

automatic repetition of sounds or words

Question 17

Biological causes of autism - evidence

Answer 17

• Concordance rates for autism are about 60% among pairs of identical (MZ) twins.
– LBW (low birth weight)
– Advanced maternal age
– Neurological abnormalities
• Brain-wave patterns
• Neurotransmitter sensitivity
• Unusual activity in motor region of cerebral cortex

Question 18

Benefits of daycare

Answer 18

Children with daycare experience are more peer-oriented and play at higher developmental levels, share, more independent, self-confident, outgoing, affectionate, helpful, and cooperative; greater academic performance

Question 19

Who experiences stranger anxiety?

Answer 19

Development of fear of strangers; appears at 6 to 9 months of age; 4 to 5 months, infants compare face of a stranger with mother’s face; older infants will display crying, whimpering, gazing fearfully, and crawling away; peaks at 9 to 12 months of age; declines in second year

Question 20

Thomas and Chess (1989) identified three types of temperament. Describe

Answer 20

• Easy child (40%) - regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations with enthusiasm, and is generally cheerful
• Difficult child (10%)- irregular sleep and feeding schedules, is slow to accept new people, takes a long time adapting to new routines, and is prone to emotional outbursts
• Slow-to-warm-up child (15%) - falls between the two categories

Question 21

Socialization of gender stereotypes

Answer 21

• Adults are more likely to offer girl babies a doll and offer a boy baby a hammer or football, even when sex of baby is disguised
• Fathers are more likely to encourage rough-and-tumble-play with their sons
• Parents talk more to daughters than to sons
• Parents smile more at daughters and are more emotionally expressive with them
• Boys are dressed in blue; girls in pink; bedroom decor matches these gender-specific colours
• Fathers show negative reactions when son plays with girls’ toys