Exam 1 - Mod 1 - 2 q's

Question 1

Freud’s definition for Id

Answer 1

Id Is unconscious and represents biological demand and instant gratification present at birth

Question 2

Freuds definition of Ego

Answer 2

Ego is conscious and seeks gratification but avoid social disapproval

Question 3

Freuds definition of the superego

Answer 3

Super ego is conscious and monitors the intentions and behaviour of ego by allowing guilt and shame for behaviour

Question 4

Freud’s stage 1 of Psychosexual Development

Answer 4

Oral stage, focus on oral activities such as sucking, occurs in first year of life

Question 5

Freud’s stage 2 of Psychosexual Development

Answer 5

Anal stage, focus control on elimination of bodily waste products, during toilet training stage of life

Question 6

Freud’s stage 3 of Psychosexual Development

Answer 6

Phallic stage, parent–child conflict over child’s personal sexual exploration, parent of same sex seen as a rival

Question 7

Freud’s stage 4 of Psychosexual Development

Answer 7

Latency stage, sexual feelings remain unconscious, children play with same-sex playmates, focus on schoolwork

Question 8

Freud’s stage 5 of Psychosexual Development

Answer 8

Genital stage, begins with biological changes in adolescence resulting in desire for intercourse

Question 9

What is Freud’s order of psychosexual stages

Answer 9

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Question 10

Arnold Gesell focused mainly on…

He expressed that what was the main principle of development

Answer 10

physical aspects of growth and development.

- Maturation – Physical aspects of growth and development (nature) influence the individual’s experience

Question 11

Erikson’s theory, like Freud’s, focuses on the development of emotional life and psychological traits, but differs in…

Answer 11

its focus on social relationships rather than unconscious motivations, such as sexuality or aggressive instincts.

Question 12

Difference between freud and erikson’s focuses

Answer 12

Freud = focuses on psychosexual development vs Erikson = focuses on psychosocial development

Question 13

Operant conditioning is a type of learning; takes place when individuals learn to either continue or stop behavior due to its consequences. B. F. Skinner introduced the key concept of…
AND describe

Answer 13

Reinforcement.
Skinner distinguished between positive and negative reinforces
 Positive reinforcers – Increase the frequency of behaviours when they are applied (e.g., food and approval)
 Negative reinforcers – Increase the frequency of behaviours when they are removed (e.g., fear of failure is removed when one studies for a test)

Question 14

Punishments – Aversive events that suppress or decrease the frequency of the behaviour they follow. How should they be used?

Answer 14

– Should be used sparingly
– Most appropriate when mild and prompt (e.g., timeout)
– Does not suggest alternative or preferred behaviour; therefore could lead to anger
– Praising appropriate behaviour and ignoring misbehaviour is more effective
– Suppresses undesirable behaviour only when its delivery is guaranteed

Question 15

describe Social cognitive theory (observational learning)

Answer 15

• Developed by Albert Bandura; learning occurs by observing other people, by reading, by engaging in different media
• Observational learning occurs through modelling the same behaviour of
another person

Question 16

Piaget developed the cognitive-developmental theory - he was intrigued by

Answer 16

children’s wrong answers; children seen as active participants

Question 17

Piaget used 5 concepts/terms to describe and explain cognitive development.
Describe Schema

Answer 17

Schema – Pattern of action or mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge

Question 18

Describe adaptation

Answer 18

Interaction between the organism and the environment

Question 19

describe Assimilation

Answer 19

Process of responding to new objects or events according to existing schemes

Question 20

Describe Accommodation

Answer 20

Scheme is changed to incorporate novel object or event

Question 21

Describe Equilibration

Answer 21

Balance achieved by assimilating new events into existing scheme

Question 22

Describe Information-processing view of cognition

Answer 22

• Cognitive process consists of encoding information (input), storing the information into long-term memory, retrieving the information (or placing it in short-term memory) through cues, and manipulating it to solve problems.

Question 23

Researchers use the correlation method to determine whether one behavior or trait being studied relates to, or correlates with, another.
Describe positive and negative correlations

Answer 23

o Positive correlation – Statistical relationship where increases or decreases in measurement correspond with increases or decreases in the other
For example, attendance increased and grades increased
o Negative correlation – Statistical relationship in which increases in one measure are matched with a decrease in the other
For example, attendance increased; however, grades decreased

Question 24

Independent vs. dependent variables

Answer 24

• Independent variable is manipulated (e.g., exposure to TV violence)
• Dependent variable is the measured result (e.g., amount of violent behavior)

Question 25

Down’s syndrome is caused by?
What are characteristics?
Deficits in..
Typically die from..

Answer 25

• Caused by an extra chromosome of the 21st pair, resulting in 47 chromosomes
• Characteristic features: rounded face; protruding tongue; broad, flat nose; sloping fold of skin over the inner corners of the eyes
• Deficits in cognitive development and motor development
• Typically die from cardiovascular problems in middle age

Question 26

Phenylkenonuria (PKU) is transmitted by…

Etiology…

Answer 26

• Transmitted by a recessive gene
• Cannot metabolize amino acid called phenylalanine; therefore, builds up in body and impairs functioning of the central nervous system; results in psychological disorders and physical problems

Question 27

Tay-Sachs Disease is caused by a recessive gene and causes…
What happens to children with the disorder?

Answer 27

• central nervous system to degenerate, resulting in death
  • Children lose control of muscles, experiencing visual and auditory sensory losses, develop mental retardation, become paralyzed, and die by end of early childhood (age 5)
  (testing recommended if family history or high incidence of disease in population; common in jewish families)

Question 28

Germinal stage (first 2 weeks) – what happens?

Answer 28

• Period of conception to implantation
• Within 36 hours after conception, the zygote divides into two cells; divides rapidly into a ball of cells (blastocyst) and wanders in uterus; then days later implants on uterine wall

Question 29

When does prenatal organ differentiation occur?

Answer 29

The Embryonic Stage

Begins with implantation; first 2 months; major organ systems differentiate

Question 30

What are teratogens?

Answer 30

Environmental agents that are toxic to the embryo or fetus; include drugs taken by mother, lead, mercury, aspirin, smoke, alcohol, and tranquilizers can also pass through.

Question 31

Impact of marijuana use during pregnancy

Answer 31

o Slower growth and lower birth weight
o Increase tremors and startling, suggesting immature development of the nervous system
o Studies suggested orenatal marijuana use was signigicantly related to increased hyperactivity, impulsivity, problems in paying attention, and increased delinquency and aggressive behavior.

Question 32

Impact of cigarette smoking during pregnancy

Answer 32

o Nicotine and carbon monoxide pass through the placenta and reach the fetus. Carbon monoxide descreases the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. O2 deprivation is connected with impaired motor development, academic delays, learning disabilities, intellectual challenges, and hyperactivity
o More likely to deliver smaller babies, and more likely to be stillborn or to die soon after death