Midterm 2 Review Flashcards
Pace of physical development
- dramatic gains in height show in the childs first two years
- growth rate slows during preschool years
- girls and boys tend to gain about 5-8 cm in height per year and weight remain fairly even at 2-3 kg per year
what is Brain plasticity?
when is it the greatest?
brain’s ability to compensate for injuries to particular parts of the brain
- Greatest at 1 to 2 years of age
(Preschoolers with damage to language areas can overcome them due to plasticity.)
how does myelination increase brain size?
Completion of myelination of the neural pathways that link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex facilitates development of ?
the increase in brain size is due in part to the continuing myelination of nerve fibres.
Completion of myelination of the neural pathways that link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex facilitates development of fine motor skills, balance and coordination
Gross Motor Skills involve?
who has a slight advantage in balance and precision?
involving large muscles used in locomotion
- girls slight advantage in balance and precision
- boys slight advantage in throwing and kicking
Time spent in physical activity - preschoolers spend and average of ?
when does motor activity decline?
- preschoolers spend an average of more than 25 hours a week in large-muscle activity
- motor activity level declines after 2-3 years of age; children less restless and can sit longer
- between 2-4 years of age increase, sustained focused attention
Rough and tumble play consists of…
helps with the development of?
consists of running, chasing, fleeing wrestling, hitting with an open hand, laughing, and making faces
Rough-and-tumble play helps develop physical and social skills
Symbolic Play (Preoperational Stage) is engaged in from what age? what is the greatest symbolic activity during this stage?
from 15 months of age
- language ability is the greatest symbolic activity during this stage
- increases in complexity as childs age
65% of preschoolers have imaginery friends - play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are. Also called pretend play
what is Egocentrism
- one-dimensional thinking
- Think parents are aware of everything that is happening to them
- putting oneself at the centre of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view
What is law of conversation?
Preoperational child has not mastered…?
- law that holds that properties of substances such as volume, mass and number remain the same even if you change their shape or arrangement
- Preoperational child has not mastered reversibility
Overregularizaton
- the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns
- children acquire grammatical rules as they learn language; young ages apply rules rigidly
- reflects accurate knowledge of grammar
Characteristics of warm parents
- affectionate
child develops an internal standard of conduct and morals
Authoritative VS authoritarian parenting style
authoritative - parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm
Authoritarian - parents demand submission and obedience. Rely on force. not warm and don’t respect child’s view point
Power assertive parents
- physical punishment & denial of privileges
- rationalize physical punishment due to noncompliance of children
- child is less likely to develop internal standards of conduct
- parental rejection and punishment linked with aggression and delinquency
Permissive-indulgent parents
- Parents are low in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behavior
- Parents are easygoing and unconventional
- Permission accompanied by high warmth and support
- Children less competent in school but high in social behaviors
Regression examples
return to behaviour characteristics of earlier stages of development
Birth of a Sibling
o Older child may feel displaced and regress
o Regression to baby-like behaviors, such as increased clinging, crying, and toilet accidents may occur.
Piaget’s four types of play
Functional play - beginning in the sensorimotor stage, the first kind of play involves repetitive motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and laughing
Symbolic play - also called pretend play, imaginative play or dramatic play emerges toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and increases during early childhood. In symbolic play children create settings, characters and scripts
Constructive play - children use objects or materials to draw or make something such as a tower of blocks
Formal games - games with rules include board games, which are sometimes enchanced or invented by children and games involving motor skills, such as marbles and hopscotch, ball games involving sides or teams and video games. Such games may involve social interaction as well as physical activity and rules. People play such games for a lifetime.
Prosocial behaviour
also known as altruism , refers to behaviour that is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward. This includes sharing, cooperating and helping and comforting others in distress
Theories of aggression
genetic factors may be involved in aggressive behaviour, including criminal and antisocial behaviour.
Social cognitive explanations of aggression focus on environmental factors such as reinforcement and observational learning
ADHD characteristics
a disorder characterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity
Causes of dyslexia
Sensory and neurological problems contribute to these difficulties with reading, genetic factors appear to account for this disorder.
Characteristics of concrete operational child
age 7-12
- thought is reversible and flexible
- less egocentric and are able to engage in decentration (focus on multiple parts of problem at once)
Seriation
- ability to place objects in a series by age, height, weight
- children can seriate two dimensions at once
Class inclusion
- focusing on two subclasses and larger subclass at subclass at the same time
- concrete - operational children understand class inclusions
Postconventional reasoning
Kohlberg’s theory - children base moral judgements on the consequences of their behaviour. Stage 1: toward being obedient and punishment. Stage 2: good behaviour allows people to satisfy their own needs and the needs of others
- moral reasoning is based on person’s own moral standards
- adolescents and adults participate in moral reasoning at this level
Elaborative strategy
- relating new material to known material
- a method for increasing retention of new information by relating it to well-known information
Multiple intelligences
verbal ability, logical-mathematical reasoning, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and personal knowledge
mental age
- shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning
Culture free intelligence tests
- reasoning through a progression of geometric designs
- middle-class children still outperform lower-class children
- test do not predict academic success as well as other tests
Divergent vs. convergent thinking
convergent thinking - process children use to answer questions on an IQ test
Divergent thinking - child associates freely to the elements of the problem; more creative
Teacher expectations
- teachers with high expectations influence achievement
- negative responses such as criticism, ridicule, threat or punishment impede learning
Teachers expectations
• Self-fulfilling prophesy
– Teachers expects higher performance, and the child performs accordingly
– Teacher expects lower performance, and the child performs accordingly
Sexism in the classroom
Girls
- treated unequally by their teachers, male peers and the school curriculum
- paid less attention to in math, science and technology
Boys dominate classroom communication, call out answers 8 times more than girls
- calling out accepted by boys, girls reminded to raise their hands
- teachers unaware until they saw the video of themselves
Origins of and treatment of conduct disorder (2 questions)
- child persistently breaks rules or violates the rights of others
- exhibits behaviour such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting
- emerges by age 8; more prevalent in boys than girls
- more likely to engage in sexual activity before puberty, more likely to smoke before puberty, drink and abuse other substances
CAUSES:
- genetics, antisocial family members, deviant peers, inconsistent discipline, parental insensitivity to child’s behaviour, physical punishment and family stress
TREATMENT:
- parent training, consequences for unacceptable behavior, teaching methods for coping with feelings of anger that will not violate others, and rewards for positive social behaviour
Childhood depression - features and attributional style (2 questions)
- child feels sad, may poor appetite, insomnia, lack of energy and inactivity, loss of self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, loss in interest in activities they were once interested in, crying, feelings of helpessness, thoughts of suicide
- origins of depression: a child’s attributional style may contribute (internal, stable, and global style)
Separation anxiety disorder
more common in girls and associated with school refusal; diagnosed when age inappropriate and excessive
School phobia
- fear of school, type of SAD, high parental expectations to perform may heighten the phobia, as well as problems with peers
TREATMENT:
- get the child back into school
- symptoms disappear once the child is back in school
- may also consist of antidepressant medication along with cognitive-behavioral therapy
Asynchronous
- different parts of the body grow at different rates
- hands and feet mature before the arms and legs do
- legs reach peak before shoulders and chest
Menarche
- first menstruation
- occurs between ages 11-14; average is 11.5 years
Early Maturation
BOYS:
- early-maturing boys tend to be more popular than late-maturing boys and more likely the leaders in their school
- some early-maturing boys engage in delinquency and aggression as well as asexual encounters they may not be prepared for
GIRLS:
- early - maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem than make counterparts
- early-maturng girls are conspicuous with height and developing breats
- parents may become more restrivite and vigilant with these girls
Body image
body image refers to how physically attractive we perceive ourselves to be and how we feel about our body
- by age 18 girls and boys are more satisfied with their bodies than they were in their earlier teens
Eating disorders (2 questions)
- due to sliming down of american ideal, girls are more prone to eating disorders
Bulimia Nervosa:
- cyclical binge eating and purging
- may include strict dieting
- fasting, laxatives and demanding exervise regime
Hypothetical thinking
adolescents develop concept of “what might be” rather than “what is”
Imaginary audience (david elkind)
- adolescent placed at center stage of fantasies
- assumes others are concerned with their looks and dress
- explains why adolescents engage in looking in the mirror so much
Personal fable (david elkind)
- belief that one’s thoughts and emotions are unique and special
- normal for male adolescent to think he is indispensable
- reason STI’s occur; belief that no one has ever experienced the same things as themselves
Predictors of dropping out of school
two predictors of school dropout are excessive school absence and reading below grade level. Others include low grades, low self esteem, problems with teachers, substance abuse and being old for one’s grade level and being male
Holland’s career typology
matches six personality types:
- realistic, investigative, artistic, socially oriented, enterprising and conventional
to various careers
- mechanically-oriented, investigative, artistic (creative), social, business and conventional
