Mod 4 (Pulmonary Physiology) Flashcards by Mailani Aurelio

What regulates rhythmic breathing?

medulla oblongata of the brain stem

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What do chemoreceptors sense in order to stimulate the respiratory center?

O2 and CO2 pressure changes

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How does an increase in CO2 pressure affect respiration rate?

increases respiration rate

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What do mechanoreceptors sense to regulate ventilation?

muscle action (exercise) increase ventilation
lung tissue stretch receptors can limit inspiration to prevent over-inflation

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True/False: A small drop in oxygen pressure in the blood will significantly alter ventilation rates

false; small changes in CO2 pressure alter ventilation rates

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How does negative/positive intra-pulmonic pressure contribute to passive ventilation? What is the change in pressure?

positive: increases pressure by 3-5 mmHg, initiating air out of lungs
negative: decreases pressure by 3-5 mmHg, initiates air into lungs

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What physical changes occur within the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

elevation of ribs
lateral, anterior, posterior expansion of thoracic cavity

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What does the partial pressure of oxygen do versus the partial pressure of CO2?

pO2: pushes gas into lungs and blood
pCO2: pushes gas out of cells and blood into the lungs

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What is atmospheric pressure?

760 mm Hg

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Partial pressure of oxygen

20.93%

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Partial pressure of CO2

.03%

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If the total atmospheric pressure at 7,000 feet is 580 mm, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen?

121 mm Hg (.2093 x 580 mm)

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Dalton’s Law

Gas partial pressure = Total Gas Mixture pressure x % Gas concentration

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Henry’s Law

Pressure in the lungs = pressure of O2 in the blood leaving the lungs

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Fick’s law

Rate of gas transfer across tissue membranes

V = (A/T) x D x (P1-P2)

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How is oxygen transported in the blood

hemoglobin

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What controls the binding and unbinding of oxygen

pressure changes

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True / False: Oxygen molecules disassociate from Hgb due to lower partial pressures

True

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How is CO2 transported in the blood

7-10% dissolved in plasma
20% weak carbaminohemoglobin bonds
70% transported as bicarbonate

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What are the steps of pressure changes as you take a breath

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True / False: The air that remains trapped in the trachea and bronchi contributes to the anatomical dead space

true

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An effective strategy to extend one’s breath hold before diving underwater is to hyperventilate and lower carbon dioxide pressures

true

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Which gas law offers an explanation to the pressure of an individual gas within a mixture of several different gases?

dalton’s law

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True / False: Taking a faster, deeper breath which allows you to move a greater volume of air into the lungs is due to a smaller negative intrapulmonic pressure created versus taking a slower, shallower breath

false; rapid and larger changes in lung volume -> greater, positive intrapulmonic pressure changes

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True / False: If the pressure within the lungs increases, this would result in a decrease in air volume

true

Poiseuille's Law

Flow of a medium through a vessel

Why is the cost of breathing for women higher than men?

Bronchi are narrower

Tidal volume (TV)

Normal volume of air moved w/ each breath

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Volume of exhalable air remaining after normal expiration

Residual volume (RV)

Always remains in the lungs to prevent the lungs from collapsing

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Total volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation (RV + ERV)

What portion of the TV reaches the alveoli?

70% at rest

How do we expand TV (oxygen-rich air) and decrease FRC?

breathe deeply rather than rapidly

Which of the following would appear to have the greatest influence (and be most realistic) on changing the amount of air flowing through our bronchii?

vessel radius

Vital capacity

after maximal inspiration, VC is the total volume of air exhaled until max expired point

Minute Ventilation (Ve)

Volume of air moved through lungs per minute (TV x breath rate)

What happens to Ve in low-to-moderate exercise?

Increases due to expansion of TV until peak volume

What happens to Ve in higher-intensity exercise

Further increases in Ve due to increased breath rates

Calculate Maria's Ve given the following information: 14 breaths per minute with an average TV of 400 mL.

5.6 L/min (14 x .4 L)

FEV1 Formula

FEV1 = (FEV/VC) x 100

AV formula

AV = (TV - ADS) x (breaths per min)

Calculate this individual’s Ve at rest and during exercise: 1. Rest: Tidal volume (TV) = 450 mL per breath; breath rate (BR) = 14 breaths per minute. 2. Exercise: Tidal volume (TV) = 1,800 mL per breath; breath rate (BR) = 45 breaths per minute. What is the AV if, with each breath, 200 mL is occupied by the ADS under both conditions? 1. Rest: TV = 450 mL – 200 mL = 250 mL per breath. 2. Exercise: TV = 1,800 mL – 200 mL = 1,600 mL per breath.

Rest: 6.3 L per min Exercise: 81.0 L per min Rest: 3.5 L/min Exercise: 72.0 L/min

What causes more oxygen to be delivered to the alveoli, larger tidal volume or higher breath rate?

Larger tidal volume

Ventilation-Perfusion ratio (V/Q)

Increase in pO2 & alveoli circulation in response to an increase of oxygen delivery

Lower-cross syndrome

marked by excessive lumbar lordosis, leads to shallow breathing (hyperventilation/hypoxia)

Upper-cross syndrome

marked by excessive thoracic kyphosis, reduces the ability to lift chest for heavy breathing, leads to shallow breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing

- passive ventilation - uses diaphragm - costs less energy (2%) - promotes relaxation - better scapular stability - improved push/pull movements - stronger core

Eupnea breathing

normal, quiet breathing w/ both diaphragmatic and intercostal contraction

Costal breathing

Forced contraction of intercostal muscles, sometimes called shallow breathing

Roll breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing first followed by apical breathing

Pursed-lip breathing

2-count inhalation through nose, 4 count exhalation through tightly pressed lips

Buteyko breathing

used as therapy for people w/ asthma, nasal breathing w/ stronger exhalations

Sigh breathing

involuntary inspiration, increasing TV followed by a long audible exhalation

Control pause (CP)

Normal exhalation->breath-hold until first point of distress

Valsalva maneuver

forced closure of glottis due to breath-holding

True / False: A person with a control pause score of 15 seconds is more likely to be a shallow breather who might not oxygenate his or her body effectively

true (lower CP = less healthy)

Consequences of over-breathing

CO2 moves into lungs from blood -> CO2 creation to help maintain blood pH->increase in blood pH from loss of H+ used in CO2 creation (respiratory alkalosis)

Bradypnea

respiratory rates lower for one's age

Tachypnea

respiratory rates higher for one's age

Hyperventilation

over-ventilation

Hypoventilation

Under-ventilation

Hyperpnea

forced breathing required significant muscle action

Dyspnea

subjective sensation of difficulty in breathing, can be pathological

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

severe shortness of breath that awakens a person from sleep, symptom of heart failure

Orthopnea

cannot breathe comfortably lying flat, symptom of heart failure

Obstructive pulmonary disease

any disease that causes chronic inflammation of lungs and obstructs airflow

Exercise-induced Bronchospasm

Theory: cold, dry environments require humidifying of air and causes water losses, ultimately restricting airflow

True / False: Elevations around 17,000 feet represent the highest, habitable elevations because the oxygen concentration of air becomes to low to survive

False; pressure decreases, not concentration of air

Which of the following represents a chronic adaption that happens when one moves to high elevations?

increase in blood volume and erythyropoiesis; To offset the reduced partial pressure of oxygen, blood volume will expand to accommodate production of more red blood cells to carry additional oxygen

Which of the following training methods appears to be the most effective method to improve both aerobic and anaerobic performance, and also proves to be somewhat convenient?

hypoxic chambers

True / False: During the descent phase to 66 feet, a person with a lung volume on the surface of the earth of 6 liters would now have a lung volume of two

true; a 3-fold increase in pressure makes a 3-fold decrease in volume

True / False: During rapid ascents, the rapid drop in pressure and subsequent increase in volume may create gas bubbles that cannot be absorbed by tissue

true