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ENS 304 > Mod 4 (Pulmonary Physiology) > Flashcards

Mod 4 (Pulmonary Physiology) Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates rhythmic breathing?

A

medulla oblongata of the brain stem

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2
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense in order to stimulate the respiratory center?

A

O2 and CO2 pressure changes

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3
Q

How does an increase in CO2 pressure affect respiration rate?

A

increases respiration rate

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4
Q

What do mechanoreceptors sense to regulate ventilation?

A
  • muscle action (exercise) increase ventilation
  • lung tissue stretch receptors can limit inspiration to prevent over-inflation
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5
Q

True/False: A small drop in oxygen pressure in the blood will significantly alter ventilation rates

A

false; small changes in CO2 pressure alter ventilation rates

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6
Q

How does negative/positive intra-pulmonic pressure contribute to passive ventilation? What is the change in pressure?

A
  • positive: increases pressure by 3-5 mmHg, initiating air out of lungs
  • negative: decreases pressure by 3-5 mmHg, initiates air into lungs
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7
Q

What physical changes occur within the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A
  • elevation of ribs
  • lateral, anterior, posterior expansion of thoracic cavity
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8
Q

What does the partial pressure of oxygen do versus the partial pressure of CO2?

A
  • pO2: pushes gas into lungs and blood
  • pCO2: pushes gas out of cells and blood into the lungs
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9
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mm Hg

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10
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen

A

20.93%

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11
Q

Partial pressure of CO2

A

.03%

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12
Q

If the total atmospheric pressure at 7,000 feet is 580 mm, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

121 mm Hg (.2093 x 580 mm)

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13
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Gas partial pressure = Total Gas Mixture pressure x % Gas concentration

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14
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Pressure in the lungs = pressure of O2 in the blood leaving the lungs

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15
Q

Fick’s law

A

Rate of gas transfer across tissue membranes

V = (A/T) x D x (P1-P2)

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16
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood

A

hemoglobin

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17
Q

What controls the binding and unbinding of oxygen

A

pressure changes

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18
Q

True / False: Oxygen molecules disassociate from Hgb due to lower partial pressures

A

True

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19
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A
  • 7-10% dissolved in plasma
  • 20% weak carbaminohemoglobin bonds
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate
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20
Q

What are the steps of pressure changes as you take a breath

A
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21
Q

True / False: The air that remains trapped in the trachea and bronchi contributes to the anatomical dead space

A

true

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22
Q

An effective strategy to extend one’s breath hold before diving underwater is to hyperventilate and lower carbon dioxide pressures

A

true

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23
Q

Which gas law offers an explanation to the pressure of an individual gas within a mixture of several different gases?

A

dalton’s law

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24
Q

True / False: Taking a faster, deeper breath which allows you to move a greater volume of air into the lungs is due to a smaller negative intrapulmonic pressure created versus taking a slower, shallower breath

A

false; rapid and larger changes in lung volume -> greater, positive intrapulmonic pressure changes

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25
Q

True / False: If the pressure within the lungs increases, this would result in a decrease in air volume

A

true

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26
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Flow of a medium through a vessel

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27
Q

Why is the cost of breathing for women higher than men?

A

Bronchi are narrower

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28
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Normal volume of air moved w/ each breath

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29
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume of exhalable air remaining after normal expiration

30
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Always remains in the lungs to prevent the lungs from collapsing

31
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Total volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation (RV + ERV)

31
Q

What portion of the TV reaches the alveoli?

A

70% at rest

32
Q

How do we expand TV (oxygen-rich air) and decrease FRC?

A

breathe deeply rather than rapidly

33
Q

Which of the following would appear to have the greatest influence (and be most realistic) on changing the amount of air flowing through our bronchii?

A

vessel radius

34
Q

Vital capacity

A

after maximal inspiration, VC is the total volume of air exhaled until max expired point

35
Q

Minute Ventilation (Ve)

A

Volume of air moved through lungs per minute (TV x breath rate)

36
Q

What happens to Ve in low-to-moderate exercise?

A

Increases due to expansion of TV until peak volume

37
Q

What happens to Ve in higher-intensity exercise

A

Further increases in Ve due to increased breath rates

38
Q

Calculate Maria’s Ve given the following information: 14 breaths per minute with an average TV of 400 mL.

A

5.6 L/min (14 x .4 L)

39
Q

FEV1 Formula

A

FEV1 = (FEV/VC) x 100

40
Q

AV formula

A

AV = (TV - ADS) x (breaths per min)

41
Q

Calculate this individual’s Ve at rest and during exercise:
1. Rest: Tidal volume (TV) = 450 mL per breath; breath rate (BR) = 14 breaths per minute.
2. Exercise: Tidal volume (TV) = 1,800 mL per breath; breath rate (BR) = 45 breaths per minute.

What is the AV if, with each breath, 200 mL is occupied by the ADS under both conditions?
1. Rest: TV = 450 mL – 200 mL = 250 mL per breath.
2. Exercise: TV = 1,800 mL – 200 mL = 1,600 mL per breath.

A

Rest: 6.3 L per min
Exercise: 81.0 L per min

Rest: 3.5 L/min
Exercise: 72.0 L/min

42
Q

What causes more oxygen to be delivered to the alveoli, larger tidal volume or higher breath rate?

A

Larger tidal volume

43
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion ratio (V/Q)

A

Increase in pO2 & alveoli circulation in response to an increase of oxygen delivery

44
Q

Lower-cross syndrome

A

marked by excessive lumbar lordosis, leads to shallow breathing (hyperventilation/hypoxia)

45
Q

Upper-cross syndrome

A

marked by excessive thoracic kyphosis, reduces the ability to lift chest for heavy breathing, leads to shallow breathing

46
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A
  • passive ventilation
  • uses diaphragm
  • costs less energy (2%)
  • promotes relaxation
  • better scapular stability
  • improved push/pull movements
  • stronger core
47
Q

Eupnea breathing

A

normal, quiet breathing w/ both diaphragmatic and intercostal contraction

48
Q

Costal breathing

A

Forced contraction of intercostal muscles, sometimes called shallow breathing

49
Q

Roll breathing

A

Diaphragmatic breathing first followed by apical breathing

50
Q

Pursed-lip breathing

A

2-count inhalation through nose, 4 count exhalation through tightly pressed lips

51
Q

Buteyko breathing

A

used as therapy for people w/ asthma, nasal breathing w/ stronger exhalations

52
Q

Sigh breathing

A

involuntary inspiration, increasing TV followed by a long audible exhalation

53
Q

Control pause (CP)

A

Normal exhalation->breath-hold until first point of distress

54
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

forced closure of glottis due to breath-holding

54
Q

True / False: A person with a control pause score of 15 seconds is more likely to be a shallow breather who might not oxygenate his or her body effectively

A

true (lower CP = less healthy)

54
Q

Consequences of over-breathing

A

CO2 moves into lungs from blood -> CO2 creation to help maintain blood pH->increase in blood pH from loss of H+ used in CO2 creation (respiratory alkalosis)

55
Q

Bradypnea

A

respiratory rates lower for one’s age

56
Q

Tachypnea

A

respiratory rates higher for one’s age

57
Q

Hyperventilation

A

over-ventilation

58
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Under-ventilation

59
Q

Hyperpnea

A

forced breathing required significant muscle action

60
Q

Dyspnea

A

subjective sensation of difficulty in breathing, can be pathological

61
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

severe shortness of breath that awakens a person from sleep, symptom of heart failure

62
Q

Orthopnea

A

cannot breathe comfortably lying flat, symptom of heart failure

63
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

any disease that causes chronic inflammation of lungs and obstructs airflow

64
Q

Exercise-induced Bronchospasm

A

Theory: cold, dry environments require humidifying of air and causes water losses, ultimately restricting airflow

65
Q

True / False: Elevations around 17,000 feet represent the highest, habitable elevations because the oxygen concentration of air becomes to low to survive

A

False; pressure decreases, not concentration of air

66
Q

Which of the following represents a chronic adaption that happens when one moves to high elevations?

A

increase in blood volume and erythyropoiesis; To offset the reduced partial pressure of oxygen, blood volume will expand to accommodate production of more red blood cells to carry additional oxygen

67
Q

Which of the following training methods appears to be the most effective method to improve both aerobic and anaerobic performance, and also proves to be somewhat convenient?

A

hypoxic chambers

68
Q

True / False: During the descent phase to 66 feet, a person with a lung volume on the surface of the earth of 6 liters would now have a lung volume of two

A

true; a 3-fold increase in pressure makes a 3-fold decrease in volume

69
Q

True / False: During rapid ascents, the rapid drop in pressure and subsequent increase in volume may create gas bubbles that cannot be absorbed by tissue

A

true

ENS 304 (5 decks)

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