Mod 2 (Hormonal Effects) Flashcards
What hormones increase with exercise?
Norepinephrine/epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, HGH, testosterone/estrogen, Glucagon, prolactin
What hormones decrease with exercise?
Insulin, Ghrelin
Explain the mobilization of fuels under a stress response
- Fat: Epinephrine/norepinephrine and cortisol break down fat in muscle and adipose through lipolysis
- Glycogen: Breaks down glycogen in the liver (glycogenolysis; balances blood glucose levels, for prolonged exercise) and muscles (for local energy use, for high-intensity exercise)
- Muscle tissue: Proteins are broken down into amino acids that can be used for energy production or the production of glucose (gluconeogenesis), helpful for prolonged exercise
- Glucose Production: Occurs in the liver - releases glucose from glycogen stores but also produces glucose through gluconeogenesis
Glucose uptake via IMGU vs NIMGU
- IMGU: After eating, the pancreas releases insulin that binds to receptors and causes GLUT4 to go to the cell membrane, allowing glucose to go into the cell and turn into glycogen or be broken down for energy. This lowers blood glucose levels. This isn’t used during exercise since we want glucose available in the blood to be used for energy.
- NIMGU: Occurs during rest (80% of glucose uptake) and during exercise. Facilitated by muscle contractions and activates GLUT4 to allow glucose uptake into muscle cells from the bloodstream.
How can blood glucose be preserved during exercise
- Mobilization of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) and gluconeogenesis
- Lipolysis (breaking down fats)
- Inhibiting glucose uptake (to allow glucose to flow in the blood and ready to be used by muscles)
Differences between visceral and subcutaneous fat (metabolism & deposition)
- Visceral: deposited around the organs, sensitive to CATs and cortisol so mobilized during stress, prevelant in males
- Subcutaneous: deposited right under skin, not sensitive to stress so mostly utilized for storage, prevalent in females
What are the reasons for and stages of hypertrophic & hyperplastic growth
What’s the structural/functional differences in fat droplets in males vs females
- Females: high number of small fat droplets, lets us burn fat more easily
- Males: small number of large fat droplets, harder to burn fat
What resistance training strategies cause the most increase in testosterone
High-intensity, multi-set, short rest intervals
What’s the immune function difference between moderate and vigorous exercise
- Mod. Exercise: Improves immune function through anti-inflammatory myokines, increased immune cells
- Vig. Exercise: Worsens immune function from pro-inflammatory cytokines, a drop in immune cells post-workout, elevated cortisol, and muscle damage
What are the concerns associated with chronic stress
Strategies for a learner mindset to stressful events
Emotion-focused vs problem-focused coping mechanisms?
Which coping mechanisms are best for SNS-PNS balance, ‘tend-and-befriend’ response, and ‘excite-and-delight’ response
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Cortisol
HGH
Testosterone/Estrogen
Glucagon
Prolactin
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
How do hormones preserve blood glucose levels & mobilize fats
