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Chemistry > Mod 4 organic chem > Flashcards

Mod 4 organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compound containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

family of compounds with similar chemical properties & functional group whose successive members differ by CH2

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3
Q

functional groups

A

OH - alcohol (ol)
COOH - carboxyllic acid
C=O in middle ketone (one)
C=O at end aldehyde (al)

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4
Q

types of hydrocarbons

A

aliphatic- straight chain
alicyclic- joined in ring structures
aromatic- some or all atoms found in benzene ring (smell nice)

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5
Q

formulae

A

empirical- simplist whole number ratio
general - formula for any homologous group eg CnH2n
displayed formula- drawed version showing all Cs&Hs
structural- writing it as you go along CH3CH2CH3
skeletal - lines without including C OR H

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6
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
-branched
-positional (CH3 going on different carbon)
-functional- make different functional group
eg ketone - aldehyde

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7
Q

Types of bond fission

A

homolytic- when a covalent bond breaks each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared bonded pair of electrons from the bond (forms 2 radicals)
heterolytic- when a covalent bond breaks one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond

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8
Q

types of reaction

A

addition- adding something going from 2 products to 1
elimination- taking something out in a reaction going from 1 to 2 products
substitution- swapping something out for another thing

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9
Q

Alkanes

A

-sigma bonds
-saturated
-109.5
-CnH2n+2

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10
Q

chain length affect on bp

A

longer the chain the higher the boiling point
-more london forces
-stronger bonds
-harder to overcome

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11
Q

branching effect on bp

A

more branching= lower bp
-less surface area of contact
-weaker london forces
easier to overcome
(branches get in the way preventing the branched molecules getting as close together)

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12
Q

reactivity of alkanes

A

C-C & C-H bonds are strong
C-C bonds are non polar
C-H bonds have similar electronegativities that they are considered non - polar

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13
Q

combustion of alkanes

A

complete- plentiful oxygen
incomplete- not enough oxygen (carbon monoxide formed) toxic CO
CH4 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

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14
Q

Free radical substitution

A

initiation- UV light causes covalent bond to break by homolytic fission
propagation- chain reaction reacts with radical then reacts with compound (BR2)
termination- 3 equations putting all radicals together to make 3 compounds

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15
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

Hydrogen halide addition
H-Br

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16
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

hydrogenation, adding H2 (nickel catalyst needed)

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17
Q

Alkenes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons
-formula = CnH2n
120 degrees shape

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18
Q

sterioisomerism

A

-Same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space
E- egyptian trans
Z- zame zide cis
cis/trans - must have at least 2 hydrogens

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19
Q

Cahn-Ingold-prelog

A

atom with highest atomic number has priority
compete atoms together then can decide if E/Z isomerism

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20
Q

Reactivity of alkenes

A

alkenes are MORE reactive than alkanes as alkenes contain pi bonds which is broken more relatively

21
Q

addition reactions of alkenes

A

-hydrogen + (nickel catalyst)
-halogens
-hydrogen halides
-steam in the presence of an acid catalyst (OH)

22
Q

electrophillic addition

A

double bond breaks giving pair of electrons to H
-H then bonds to the compound
-carbocation is formed
-halide (delta neg) reacts with carbocation causing it to join on

23
Q

Markownikoffs rule

A

2 isomers formed
- the carbocations will be either a major or minor
minor = primary/secondary
major = secondary/tertiary

24
Q

carbocation stability

A

stability increases from primary - tertiary
charge is spread out to alkyl groups so more groups more stable

25
Q

examples of polymers

A

polypropene - childrens toys
polystyrene - used for packaging material
polytetrafluoroethene - used as coating for non-stick pans

26
Q

disposing polymers

A

Landfill- dumping ground for waste
+waste doesnt need sorted
-affects wildlife
combustion- burning in O2
+produce power for homes
-may produce carbon monoxide

27
Q

types of polymers

A

biodegradable polymers- break down after its intended purpose
-expensive
bioplastics- produced from starch, cellulose etc
-expensive
photodegradable- broken down by light
-expensive
-no harmful chem produced

28
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

NaOH (aq) under reflux
sodium hydroxide

29
Q

Alcohols

A

properties
- O-H bond is polar
-most alcohols soluble in water as they form hydrogen bonds
-low volatility
-higher boiling points as hydrogen bonds are stronger
(harder to overcome)

30
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

Sodium halide and H2SO4 catalyst

31
Q

dehydration of alcohols

A

water molecule removed and alkene now made C=C
H3PO4 needed

32
Q

classifying alcohols

A

primary- when the -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to 2 hydrogens
secondary - the -OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to 2 alkyl groups and a hydrogen
tertiary- when the -OH group is attcahed to 3 alkyl groups

33
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A

with acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
heated and distilled = aldehyde
heated under reflux = carboxyllic acid
orange to green

34
Q

oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

using acidified dichromate
oxidised to ketones no further
orange to green

35
Q

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

tertiary alcohols do not oxidise
acidified dichromate remains orange

36
Q

substitution of alcohols

A

alcohols react with hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes
propan-2-ol + HBr –> C3H7Br + H2O
(dehydration)

37
Q

hydrogenation

A

reaction where hydrogen is added across double bond
-alkenes to alkanes
double bond breaks then hydrogen takes the pair of electrons and passes them onto the other hydrogen
-first hydrogen attaches to make carbocation
then carbocation reacts with hydrogen to make alkane
CONDITIONS- high temp and nickel catalyst

38
Q

electrophiles & nucleophiles

A

electrophiles- electron pair acceptors
nucleophiles- electron pair donors

39
Q

esterification of alcohols

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol – ester + water
OH comes off carboxylic acid & H comes off alcohol to make H2O
-alkyl chain (from alcohol)
-oate from carboxylic acid
COOCH3

40
Q

Heating under reflux

A

round bottom flask
condenser
rubber tubing
stand and clamp
heat source

41
Q

Spectroscopy

A

Used to identify the molecular mass of an organic compound and to gain further information about its structure

42
Q

what are fragment ions

A

when in mass spectrometer it loses electrons forming positive ions
-detects the mass to charge ratio (m/z)

43
Q

types of fragment ions

A

CH3+ = 15
C2H5+ = 29
C3H7+ = 43
OH- = 17
CH3CH2O+ = 45

44
Q

Mr from a mass spectra graph

A

The furthest line to the right
except the very small one that will be carbon-13 so doesn’t count

45
Q

Calculating carbon atoms

A

height of M+1 peak / height of M peak (x100)

46
Q

wavelength numbers

A

haloalkanes = 500-800
alkanes = 750-1100
alkenes = 1630-1680
C=O bond = 1630-1820 (1700)
carboxylic acids = 2500-3300 (broad) and sharp dip
alcohols = 3200-3600 broad round shape

47
Q

application of infrared spectroscopy

A

alcohol breathalyser
analyse vehicle emissions (carbon monoxide etc)

48
Q

Ozone layer

A

found at the outer edge of the stratosphere varies from 10-40km above earths surface
O3 layer
-CFCs deplete the ozone layer

49
Q

CFCs uses

A

In refrigerants, air conditioning units and as aerosol propellants

Chemistry (9 decks)

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