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Psychology 100 > Mod 4-6 > Flashcards

Mod 4-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

a branch of psychology concerned witht he links between biology and behavior (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)

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2
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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5
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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6
Q

dendrite

A

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell

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7
Q

axon

A

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses hops from one node to the next

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9
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down a axon

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10
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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11
Q

synaps

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

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13
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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14
Q

endorphins

A

morphine within- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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15
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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16
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glans, and sense organs.

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19
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs( such as the heart) Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

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21
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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22
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

23
Q

reflex

A

a simple. automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

24
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

25
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine gland, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

26
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones(epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

27
Q

pituitary gland

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls endocrine glands.

28
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

29
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

30
Q

PET positron emission tomography scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

31
Q

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy

32
Q

fMRI functional MRI

A

a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. f MRI scans show brain function.

33
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord wells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

34
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem’ controls heartbeat and breathing

35
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

36
Q

thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and emdulla

37
Q

cerebellum

A

the little brain at the rear of the brainstem functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

38
Q

limbic system

A

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres;; associated with emotions and drives

39
Q

amygdala

A

two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system ; linked to emotion

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; its directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp,) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

41
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerbral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

42
Q

glial cells (glia)

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

43
Q

frontal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

44
Q

parietal lobes

A

portion of the cerbral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch ad body position

45
Q

occipital lobes

A

portion of the cerbral cortex lying at the back of the head’ includes areas that receive information form the visual fields

46
Q

temporal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas,, each receiving information primarily form the opposite car.

47
Q

motor cortex

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

48
Q

sensory cortex

A

area at the ront of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

49
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral corte that are not involved in primary motor or sensory fucntions’ rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking ,and speaking

50
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or y building new pathways based on experience

51
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

52
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

53
Q

split brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers(mainly those of the corpos callosum) connecting them

Psychology 100 (8 decks)

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