Mod 1-3 Flashcards
Willhelm Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
Edward Bradford Titchener
used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements
structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
William James and Mary Whiton Calkins
James, legendary teacher/writer mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
the first woman to recieve a psychology PHD . Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
working with Rayner, Watson championed psycholgy as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as Little Albert
Sigmund Freud
the controversial ideas of this famed personility theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self understanding
behavioralism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most agree with beginning of sentence but not end.
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language
B.F. Skinner
a leading behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising form the interaction of nature and nurture
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Charles Darwin
argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living often related to school. work, or marriage, and in achieving greater well being
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it-i knew it all along
The Amazing Randi
the magician James Randi exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomenon.
critical thinking
thinking that does nto blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines asumptions, dsiscerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definition
a statement of procedures used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
replication
repateating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to theory participants and circumstances
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of reviling universal principles
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
population
all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be dean-except for national studies, this does NOT refer to a countries whole population
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each members has an equal chance of inclusion
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
correlation
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relation ship between two things-between -1 and +1
scatterplots
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation with little scatter indicating high correlation.
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where non exists
experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors-independent variables-to ovserve the effect on some behavior or mental process-the dependent variable. bu random assingment of participants,t he experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups.
double blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any efect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance of condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent
experimental group
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
control group
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated’ the variable whose effect is being studied
dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that ay change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
mode
the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
mean
the arithimetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
median
the middle score in a distribution
range
the difference between eh highest and lowest scores in a distribution
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
normal curve
(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of mayn types of data’ most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes
statistical significane
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
