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Psychology 100 > Mod 1-3 > Flashcards

Mod 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Willhelm Wundt

A

established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

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2
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements

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3
Q

structuralism

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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4
Q

functionalism

A

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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5
Q

William James and Mary Whiton Calkins

A

James, legendary teacher/writer mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the APA

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6
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

the first woman to recieve a psychology PHD . Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind

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7
Q

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

A

working with Rayner, Watson championed psycholgy as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as Little Albert

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

the controversial ideas of this famed personility theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self understanding

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9
Q

behavioralism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most agree with beginning of sentence but not end.

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10
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth

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11
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language

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12
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

a leading behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

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13
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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14
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising form the interaction of nature and nurture

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15
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies

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17
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon

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18
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

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19
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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20
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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21
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living often related to school. work, or marriage, and in achieving greater well being

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22
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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23
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

24
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it-i knew it all along

25
Q

The Amazing Randi

A

the magician James Randi exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomenon.

26
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does nto blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines asumptions, dsiscerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion

27
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

28
Q

theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

29
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

30
Q

operational definition

A

a statement of procedures used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

31
Q

replication

A

repateating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to theory participants and circumstances

32
Q

case study

A

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of reviling universal principles

33
Q

survey

A

a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

34
Q

population

A

all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be dean-except for national studies, this does NOT refer to a countries whole population

35
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each members has an equal chance of inclusion

36
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

37
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

38
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relation ship between two things-between -1 and +1

39
Q

scatterplots

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation with little scatter indicating high correlation.

40
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship where non exists

41
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors-independent variables-to ovserve the effect on some behavior or mental process-the dependent variable. bu random assingment of participants,t he experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

42
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups.

43
Q

double blind procedure

A

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies

44
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any efect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance of condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent

45
Q

experimental group

A

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

46
Q

control group

A

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

47
Q

independent variable

A

the experimental factor that is manipulated’ the variable whose effect is being studied

48
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome factor; the variable that ay change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

49
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

50
Q

mean

A

the arithimetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

51
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution

52
Q

range

A

the difference between eh highest and lowest scores in a distribution

53
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

54
Q

normal curve

A

(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of mayn types of data’ most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes

55
Q

statistical significane

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Psychology 100 (8 decks)

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