Mod 23-25

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

learning that certain events occur together. The event may be two stimuli(as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences( as in operant conditioning)

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a type of learning in which one learns to links two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Question 4

behaviorism

Answer 4

the view that psychology 1-should be an objective science that 2-studies behavior with reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

Question 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US) such as salivation when food is in the mother

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral(but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Question 8

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an uncoditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforces response

Question 10

higher-order conditioning

Answer 10

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditiooning experience is paried with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second(often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, and animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn taht a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

the diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus(US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus(CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 13

generalization

Answer 13

the tendency, one a response has een conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

in classical conditioneing, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

associative learning

Answer 15

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli(as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences( as in operant conditioning)

Question 16

respondent behavior

Answer 16

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 18

operant behavior

Answer 18

behavior that operates on teh environment, producing consequences

Question 19

law of effect

Answer 19

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors folled by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 20

operant chamber

Answer 20

in operant conditioning research, a chamber(also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can minipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 22

reinforcer

Answer 22

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

increasing the behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response(not punishment)

Question 25

primary reinforcer

Answer 25

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 26

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 26

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 27

continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 28

partial(intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 29

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 29

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 30

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 30

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 31

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 31

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 32

variable interval schedule

Answer 32

in operant conditiong, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 33

punishment

Answer 33

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 34

cognitive map

Answer 34

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Question 35

latent learning

Answer 35

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 36

intrinsic motivation

Answer 36

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 37

extrinsic motivation

Answer 37

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 38

observational learning

Answer 38

learning by observing others

Question 39

modeling

Answer 39

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 40

mirror neurons

Answer 40

frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 41

prosocial behavior

Answer 41

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior