MOD : 3 MANAGEMENT OF RUMINANT BREEDING STOCK Flashcards
1
Q
For bulls, reproduction is all about the ?
A
Capacity & Ability to sire a large number of viable offspring in each mating year.
2
Q
For cow, reproduction is ?
A
Capacity to conceive & rear a calf to weaning each year.
3
Q
The cow that produces a live normal calf within _____ & _____ is superior to the cow that has no longer inter-calving intervals or fails to wean that calf.
A
- 365 calving intervals
- Rear the calf for weaning
4
Q
this _____ form the basis of livestock improvement as it allows the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next & can greatly influence the genetic gain.
A
Reproduction
5
Q
improvements of _____% in weaning rates are possible through improving nutrition & management.
A
5-10%
6
Q
Measures of the bulls include:
A
- Physical & Structural soundness
- Scrotal size & Sperm production capacity
- Semen quality, including morphology
- Serving ability/ Serving capacity
7
Q
Measures for the cow includes:
A
- Weight & age at first estrous cycle
- inter-calving interval
- Lactation status at subsequent pregnancy diagnosis
8
Q
Measures for the breeder herd include:
A
- Branding & Weaning rates
- Kilograms of calf weaned per 100kg of cow mated
- Conception rates determined by pregnancy diganosis
9
Q
Calculating a number of reproductive rates can help to identify the ?
A
areas of loss
10
Q
______ can be used to distinguish infertile or sub-fertile bulls from those that meet satisfactory fertility standards
A
Bull Breeding Soundness Evaluation (BBSE)
11
Q
BBSE involves assessing 4 key components
A
- physical structural soundness
- scrotal size
- semen assessment
- serving ability
12
Q
Penis is housed within the ?
A
prepuce & sheath
13
Q
The prepuce is the inner lining of the _____ & is the pink mucosa.
A
Sheath
14
Q
Major factor influencing scrotal size:
A
- genotype
- age
- liveweight
- nutrition
- timing of nutritional stress
15
Q
what are the common condition that interefere w/ fertility & can be diagnosed by palpation of testicles include;
A
- unequal size of testicles
- hardness of one or both testicles
- thickened scrotal skin
- softness & flabbiness of testicles & tail of epididymis
16
Q
what are the key components of bull fertility:
A
- BBSE
- Physical soundness
- Sheath, prepuce & penis
- Semen & spermatozoa
- Libido & serving ability
17
Q
is the sexual desire of a male to serve a receptive female.
A
Libido
18
Q
this provides a indication of the bull’s ability to serve.
A
serving-capacity test
19
Q
for Bos indicus bulls how many minute period will it mount, & successfully serve a restrained female.
A
20 minutes
20
Q
for Bos taurus bulls, how many minute period will it mount & successfully served a restrained female?
A
10 minutes
21
Q
the presence of this ______ in females or estrus leads to the flehmen response in the bull & arousal of it’s interest in the female.
A
Pheromones
22
Q
is defined as the time when bull is capable of producing 50 million live sperm per millimeters
A
Puberty
23
Q
is the combined effects of both semen production & the ability to achieve one serve, which is necessary in the herd mating situation
A
Sexual maturity of bulls
24
Q
testicles grow rapidly after 7-10 months of age until ________ , this age is where puberty occurs.
A
18-24 months of age
25
Puberty in bulls is usually reached by between how many months?
14-18 months
26
Factor influencing when bulls reach puberty include?
1. genetic effects
2. nutritional influences
27
`______ may be transmitted through sexual intercourse to females, affecting female fertility, may indirectly affect male fertility.
Disease
28
most common disease affecting herd fertility:
1. Vibriosis (campylobacteria)
2. Trichomoniasis
2. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
29
regime that bulls are subjected to throughout their life affects their fertility, & also their ability & desire to serve females.
Nutrition
30
_______ can increase bull cost per calf, as it decreases the number of calves produced over the lifetime of the bull.
Bull wastage
31
______ in the female is hormonaly driven & influenced by genetic, nutrition, 7 management factors.
Reproduction in female
32
What are the successful reproduction cycle of female:
1. Regular heat periods
2. Mating
3. Conception (fertilization of the ovum)
4. Gestation (pregnancy)
5. parturition (birth)
6. Lactation (suckling the calf)
33
what is the average & range of estrous ?
average of 18-24 days with a range of 21 days
34
bulls fed on this 2 _____ often have fat deposits in the neck of the scrotum, this can also produce swelling in joint capsule of the hocks in some bulls
grain diet, surplus protein & energy
35
bulls raised on this _____ have low digestibility, protein & energy & frequently have smaller scrotal size at given age, w/ a corresponding effect on sperm production & quality.
Diet
36
what is the importance of keeping the age of bull team as young as possible?
it ensures the highest level of fertility in the team by eliminating older & unsound bulls
37
successful reproduction involves cycling of?
1. regular heat period
2. mating
3. conception
4. gestation
5. parturition
6. lactation
38
puberty in the female is defined as?
the age or weight at first estrous when ovulation also occurs, or onset of sexual maturity,
39
in tropical beef cattle, this ______ is the major factor influencing puberty, particulary in the immediate post-weaning period, influencing sexual developmet, age & weight.
nutrition
40
what is the desired weight at the time of first mating, ensuring that heifers have reasonable weight gains for post weaning.
280kg-300kg
41
selection of this ______ will have a long-term indirect effect on age of puberty & fertility in heifer offspring, it also indicates to have a higher pregnancy rates
large scrotal size
42
what are the signs of estus?
1. behavioral changes
2. swelling & reddening of vulva
3. vaginal mucus discharge adhering to tails & legs
4. abrasion of skin & rub-marks on tail head & pin bones
5. ruffling of tail hair
6. increased ln tone in the uterus & cervix on palpation
43
more care in estrus detection is needed for this cattle origin or content, because in these breeds duration is usually shorter & more variable, & intensity of estrus displayed is often lower.
Bos indicus
44
the average duration of estrus is ______ being slightly shorter for heifers
6-18 hours
45
the length of estrus is affected by?
1. breed
2. nutrition
3. temperature stress
4. age
5. transport stress
6. ovarian abnormalities
7. uterine infections
46
in cattle ovulation ovulation occurs between______ w/ heifers tending to ovulate a little earlier than cows
10-15 hours
47
this may recommence from 35-45 days after calving, this interval is highly variable & is influenced by lactation level, suckling & nutrition.
Behavioral estrus (anestrus)
48
in the progressive stages of pregnancy, the embryo leaves the fallopian tube & enters the uterus about how many days? & attaching to the uterine wall a few days later.
6 or 7
49
ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract from how many days after mating will it detect the presence of fluid in the uterus.
21 days
50
this 21 days after mating will you can detect the presence of fluid, adding 10-15 days what will be the next observation in the ultrasound examination?
1. fluid increase
2. developing fetus can be identified.
51
for how many weeks you can do rectal palpation that will give an accurate diagnosis of pregnancy or non-pregnancy
6 weeks
52
duration of pregnancy in cattle ranges from?
270-295 days w/ an average of 282 days
53
in Bos indicus cattle it has a longer gestation period about?
290 days
54
longer than average gestation period may result from?
calving difficulty
55
what are the 4 basic categories of breeders:
1. wet & pregnant
2. wet & empty
3. dry & pregnant
4. dry & empty
56
in continous mating herd this _____ tend to conceive early in the season as they are better body condition & lactating wet cow conceive.
dry cows
57
in post calving, how many days after calving does the reproductive tract & ovaries of a cow should return to normal & reproductive cycle recommence?
35-45 days
58
The 35-45 days posy calving in some breeds does not occur, sometimes it's even longer, this condition is known as? this is a major factor influencing the level of fertility in many northern herds.
Post-partum anestrus
59
if a breeder cow is to achieve the ultimate goal of conceiving each year she must recommence cycling & be pregnant within ?
85 days of calving
60
what is the normal gestation length?
85 days calving + 280 days gestation length w/ the total of 365 days
60
is the most important non-genetic factor influencing conception of beef cows.
nutrition
61
what are the option to achieve the body conditioning score?
1. supplementation
2. grazing management & adjustment of stocking rates
3. paddock rotation
4. weaning to reduce nutritional demand of the breeder
62
bone structure are sharp to touch & easily visible, has little evidence of fat deposits or muscling
Emaciated
63
beginning of fat cover over the loin, back & fore ribs, Backbone still highly visible.
Thin
64
12th to 13th ribs are not visible to the eye unless animal has been shrunk, areas on each side of the tailhead are fairly well filled but not mounded.
Moderate
65
Here cow's appear flesh & obviously carries considerable fat, very spongy fat cover over ribs & round tailhead. Some fat around vulva & in pelvis.
Good
66
here cow has lost definition, contours disappear across back & side as cow takes on smooth, block-like appearance, rounds or pones of fat are protruding, bone structure no longer visible & barely palpable. Large fatty deposits may even impair animals mobility.
Fat
67
2 practical techniques in maintenance of condition scores of breeder cows;
1. to reduce the nutritional through by the use of supplement
2. Weaning
68
this are the most common means available in supplement:
1. Protein supplements
2. Non-protein nitrogen
69
what is an example of non-protein nitrogen?
Urea-based mixes
70
in meany areas this ____ is the most practical form of supplementation of the breeder cow.
weaning
71
in weaning;
it's cheaper to feed the weaner than to supply supplement to the lactating cow.
72
this _____ involves limiting the mating period by removing bulls from the breeding herd, it's often used in more favored areas w/ more reliable seasonal conditions & 100% bull control.
controlled mating
73
investing though time & money in the genetics of the herd id worthwhile because genetic improvement is?
1. cheap
2. permanent
3. cumulative
74
this is _____ because it involves buying a sire that will add genetic improvement & the only extra is the marginal cost of the superior sire over the average.
Cheap
75
passed on from one generation to the next
permanent
76
the improvement made this year will be in addition to the improvements made last year
cumulative
77
it largely determine the appearance or performance of an animal.
GENE
77
is the genetic makeup of the animal.
genotype
78
is the result of the combined interaction of genotype & the environment.
phenotype
79
occurs when one member of a gene pair masks the effect of the other member of the gene pair.
Dominance
80
refers to the difference among individuals within a population, w/ great variation in a trait there is more scope for change by selection.
Variation
81
is the proportion of superiority in a trait that is transmitted to the offspring.
Heritability H2
82
factor that influence the rate of improvement in a trait are:
1. heritability
2. variation
3. generation interval
4. accuracy of selection
5. intensity of selection & selection differential
83
are the the 2 characteristics or traits that influence the potential for genetic improvement.
1. heritability
2. variation
84
this is the difference between the mean of those selected to be parents & the mean of all potential parents.
Selection differential
85
This is a program that provides a genetic description of cattle for a range of traits in the major areas of growth, carcass performance and fertility. Where common sire linkages occur with other
groups, comparisons can be made across groups.
BREEDPLAN
86
These are measures of genetic differences between animals,
expressed as the unit for each trait in positive or negative terms
Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs).
87
Dedicated software called _____ ____ _____ ____ uses computer technology to find the best fit for all the pieces of information, for all the traits in question and all the animals in the analysis simultaneously. The solution provides the best estimate of the genetic merit of the animal(s)
best linear unbiased prediction
88
In recent years researchers have integrated genetics and economics to
define genetic improvement in economic terms. The result is an index that describes profitability of animals based on the summation of their individual traits or EBVs
index selection
89
These provide a means of assessing the true genetic merit of an animal, by ‘marking’ the presence of an individual gene. They give the industry the potential to identify and select animals for
specific traits at an early age.
Gene markers
90
g is used for registry in the breed associations and these animals will perform better than non-pure breeds
pure breeding
91
is used mostly by many commercial producer and animals also have good performance because of hybrid vigor
cross breeding
92
method of mating between individuals which are more closely related, such as brothers and sisters and of sires with daughters is called inbreeding. A
inbreeding
93
It is a practice of breeding the farm animals which are not closely related within the same breed.
It is popular system of breeding the dairy herds with average production and small livestock owners
outbreeding
94
The level of exotic inheritance should never exceed about how many percent to exploit the full genetic potential of the animal for a sustainable production.
62.5%
95
It is mating of pure-bred males of established breed with nondescript females successively over several generations to produce a progeny that resembles and performs similar to the pure breed.
grading up
96
Mating of the unrelated pure breed animals, within the same breed is called out crossing. The animals mated have no common ancestor on either of their pedigree up to 4 to 6 generations and the
offspring of such a mating is called the outcross.
outcrossing
97
The cross bred females obtained by crossing two breeds are mated to males from one of the two parental breeds.
Back crossing
98
males from one of the pure breeds are used in alternate generations to breed the cross bred females. This rotational crossing could be between two breeds is called crisscrossing and
among three breeds is called triple crossing.
rotational crossing
99
is the increase in production achieved when mating one or more
pure breeds.
heterosis & hybrid vigor
100
are probably the most widely used method of temporary identification.
Often the ear tattoo and ear tags are both used simultaneously on an animal
Soft-type plastic ear tags
101
is second in use to the ear tattoo as a permanent means of individual animal identification. Number brands are usually applied with a hot iron. Permanent number brands may also be
applied by freeze branding.
Number brand
102
is widely used by breed registry associations and cowherd performance testing programs as a method of permanent identification
ear tattoo
103
Steer calves are preferred over bull calves in the feeder market. Bull calves should be castrated if not intended to be retained for breeding purposes.
castration
104
, is a bloodless method of castration.
emasculating or clumping
105
n is another bloodless method of castration.
elastration
106
.Cattle without horns attract some preference over horned cattle in the market. Hornless cattle require less space in transit, in the feedlot and at the feed bunk. They fight less and inflict fewer injuries
to each other
dehorning
107
– A caustic paste or stick can be used
on very young calves (up to two or three weeks of age)
where only a button can be felt.
chemical dehorning
108
Horn buttons or small horns just emerging can be readily removed with spoon or tube dehorners. The tube must be large enough to fit over the base of the horn and include about one-eighth of an inch of hair around the horn
Spoon or Tube Dehorners
109
A hot iron may be used to dehorn calves with
buttons or small horns. Fire-heated irons usually come in
sets so the proper size can be selected to fit over the base of the horn
hot iron
110
can be used on horns too large for tube or hot irons
but small enough for the instrument to fit properly and permit cutting a ring of skin and hair
barnes type dehorners
111
Cattle with horns too large to remove with the above methods can be dehorned with a saw, clippers or obstetrical wire. Dehorning wounds in large cattle heal slowly and care must be taken to prevent sinus infection and flyblow. Cost and risk should be carefully weighed against expected benefits
removing large horns
112
g is the practice of providing supplemental feed, usually grain, to nursing calves in a facility that prohibits the brood cow from having access to the feeding
creep feeding
113
is a distress period for both calf and cow
weaning
114
is a weaning process in which the calves are removed from
their dams but are allowed to see, hear and smell their dams
fence line weaning
115
can be generally described as a component of the diet that does not fall
within the basic nutrient categories: protein, fat, carbohydrates, mineral or vitamin.
feed additives
116
is approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex and
prevention of anaplasmosis
Chlortetracycline
117
are special types of medicated feed additives called ionophores. These
improve feed efficiency and rate of gain in beef cattle.
Monensin and lasalocid
118
s are selective against certain bacteria and protozoans. As a result, these products also help prevent coccidiosis.
ionophores
119
delivered through feed have been around for years. These products are
available as a top-dress; however, block and tub formulations are more popular.
anthelminthics
120
when added to feedlot heifer rations stops the normal hormone production sequence that produces estrus.
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
121
are relatively new to feedlot cattle. These are utilized toward the final days on feed and increase lean deposition and weight gain. Direct-fed microbials, yeast cultures and yeast cell wall are specialized feed additives.
Beta-agonists
122
are being studied to improve health such as sustaining a higher ruminal pH under concentrate feeding to prevent sub-acute acidosis, yeast cultures are being studied as specialized nutrients for the rumen microbes, and yeast cell wall is being studied for binding properties to toxins.
Direct-fed microbials
