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RUMINANT PRODUCTION > MOD : 3 MANAGEMENT OF RUMINANT BREEDING STOCK > Flashcards

MOD : 3 MANAGEMENT OF RUMINANT BREEDING STOCK Flashcards

1
Q

For bulls, reproduction is all about the ?

A

Capacity & Ability to sire a large number of viable offspring in each mating year.

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2
Q

For cow, reproduction is ?

A

Capacity to conceive & rear a calf to weaning each year.

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3
Q

The cow that produces a live normal calf within _____ & _____ is superior to the cow that has no longer inter-calving intervals or fails to wean that calf.

A
  1. 365 calving intervals
  2. Rear the calf for weaning
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4
Q

this _____ form the basis of livestock improvement as it allows the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next & can greatly influence the genetic gain.

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

improvements of _____% in weaning rates are possible through improving nutrition & management.

A

5-10%

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6
Q

Measures of the bulls include:

A
  1. Physical & Structural soundness
  2. Scrotal size & Sperm production capacity
  3. Semen quality, including morphology
  4. Serving ability/ Serving capacity
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7
Q

Measures for the cow includes:

A
  1. Weight & age at first estrous cycle
  2. inter-calving interval
  3. Lactation status at subsequent pregnancy diagnosis
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8
Q

Measures for the breeder herd include:

A
  1. Branding & Weaning rates
  2. Kilograms of calf weaned per 100kg of cow mated
  3. Conception rates determined by pregnancy diganosis
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9
Q

Calculating a number of reproductive rates can help to identify the ?

A

areas of loss

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10
Q

______ can be used to distinguish infertile or sub-fertile bulls from those that meet satisfactory fertility standards

A

Bull Breeding Soundness Evaluation (BBSE)

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11
Q

BBSE involves assessing 4 key components

A
  1. physical structural soundness
  2. scrotal size
  3. semen assessment
  4. serving ability
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12
Q

Penis is housed within the ?

A

prepuce & sheath

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13
Q

The prepuce is the inner lining of the _____ & is the pink mucosa.

A

Sheath

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14
Q

Major factor influencing scrotal size:

A
  1. genotype
  2. age
  3. liveweight
  4. nutrition
  5. timing of nutritional stress
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15
Q

what are the common condition that interefere w/ fertility & can be diagnosed by palpation of testicles include;

A
  1. unequal size of testicles
  2. hardness of one or both testicles
  3. thickened scrotal skin
  4. softness & flabbiness of testicles & tail of epididymis
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16
Q

what are the key components of bull fertility:

A
  1. BBSE
  2. Physical soundness
  3. Sheath, prepuce & penis
  4. Semen & spermatozoa
  5. Libido & serving ability
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17
Q

is the sexual desire of a male to serve a receptive female.

A

Libido

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18
Q

this provides a indication of the bull’s ability to serve.

A

serving-capacity test

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19
Q

for Bos indicus bulls how many minute period will it mount, & successfully serve a restrained female.

A

20 minutes

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20
Q

for Bos taurus bulls, how many minute period will it mount & successfully served a restrained female?

A

10 minutes

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21
Q

the presence of this ______ in females or estrus leads to the flehmen response in the bull & arousal of it’s interest in the female.

A

Pheromones

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22
Q

is defined as the time when bull is capable of producing 50 million live sperm per millimeters

A

Puberty

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23
Q

is the combined effects of both semen production & the ability to achieve one serve, which is necessary in the herd mating situation

A

Sexual maturity of bulls

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24
Q

testicles grow rapidly after 7-10 months of age until ________ , this age is where puberty occurs.

A

18-24 months of age

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25
Q

Puberty in bulls is usually reached by between how many months?

A

14-18 months

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26
Q

Factor influencing when bulls reach puberty include?

A
  1. genetic effects
  2. nutritional influences
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27
Q

`______ may be transmitted through sexual intercourse to females, affecting female fertility, may indirectly affect male fertility.

A

Disease

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28
Q

most common disease affecting herd fertility:

A
  1. Vibriosis (campylobacteria)
  2. Trichomoniasis
  3. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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29
Q

regime that bulls are subjected to throughout their life affects their fertility, & also their ability & desire to serve females.

A

Nutrition

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30
Q

_______ can increase bull cost per calf, as it decreases the number of calves produced over the lifetime of the bull.

A

Bull wastage

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31
Q

______ in the female is hormonaly driven & influenced by genetic, nutrition, 7 management factors.

A

Reproduction in female

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32
Q

What are the successful reproduction cycle of female:

A
  1. Regular heat periods
  2. Mating
  3. Conception (fertilization of the ovum)
  4. Gestation (pregnancy)
  5. parturition (birth)
  6. Lactation (suckling the calf)
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33
Q

what is the average & range of estrous ?

A

average of 18-24 days with a range of 21 days

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34
Q

bulls fed on this 2 _____ often have fat deposits in the neck of the scrotum, this can also produce swelling in joint capsule of the hocks in some bulls

A

grain diet, surplus protein & energy

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35
Q

bulls raised on this _____ have low digestibility, protein & energy & frequently have smaller scrotal size at given age, w/ a corresponding effect on sperm production & quality.

A

Diet

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36
Q

what is the importance of keeping the age of bull team as young as possible?

A

it ensures the highest level of fertility in the team by eliminating older & unsound bulls

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37
Q

successful reproduction involves cycling of?

A
  1. regular heat period
  2. mating
  3. conception
  4. gestation
  5. parturition
  6. lactation
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38
Q

puberty in the female is defined as?

A

the age or weight at first estrous when ovulation also occurs, or onset of sexual maturity,

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39
Q

in tropical beef cattle, this ______ is the major factor influencing puberty, particulary in the immediate post-weaning period, influencing sexual developmet, age & weight.

A

nutrition

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40
Q

what is the desired weight at the time of first mating, ensuring that heifers have reasonable weight gains for post weaning.

A

280kg-300kg

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41
Q

selection of this ______ will have a long-term indirect effect on age of puberty & fertility in heifer offspring, it also indicates to have a higher pregnancy rates

A

large scrotal size

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42
Q

what are the signs of estus?

A
  1. behavioral changes
  2. swelling & reddening of vulva
  3. vaginal mucus discharge adhering to tails & legs
  4. abrasion of skin & rub-marks on tail head & pin bones
  5. ruffling of tail hair
  6. increased ln tone in the uterus & cervix on palpation
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43
Q

more care in estrus detection is needed for this cattle origin or content, because in these breeds duration is usually shorter & more variable, & intensity of estrus displayed is often lower.

A

Bos indicus

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44
Q

the average duration of estrus is ______ being slightly shorter for heifers

A

6-18 hours

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45
Q

the length of estrus is affected by?

A
  1. breed
  2. nutrition
  3. temperature stress
  4. age
  5. transport stress
  6. ovarian abnormalities
  7. uterine infections
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46
Q

in cattle ovulation ovulation occurs between______ w/ heifers tending to ovulate a little earlier than cows

A

10-15 hours

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47
Q

this may recommence from 35-45 days after calving, this interval is highly variable & is influenced by lactation level, suckling & nutrition.

A

Behavioral estrus (anestrus)

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48
Q

in the progressive stages of pregnancy, the embryo leaves the fallopian tube & enters the uterus about how many days? & attaching to the uterine wall a few days later.

A

6 or 7

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49
Q

ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract from how many days after mating will it detect the presence of fluid in the uterus.

A

21 days

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50
Q

this 21 days after mating will you can detect the presence of fluid, adding 10-15 days what will be the next observation in the ultrasound examination?

A
  1. fluid increase
  2. developing fetus can be identified.
51
Q

for how many weeks you can do rectal palpation that will give an accurate diagnosis of pregnancy or non-pregnancy

A

6 weeks

52
Q

duration of pregnancy in cattle ranges from?

A

270-295 days w/ an average of 282 days

53
Q

in Bos indicus cattle it has a longer gestation period about?

A

290 days

54
Q

longer than average gestation period may result from?

A

calving difficulty

55
Q

what are the 4 basic categories of breeders:

A
  1. wet & pregnant
  2. wet & empty
  3. dry & pregnant
  4. dry & empty
56
Q

in continous mating herd this _____ tend to conceive early in the season as they are better body condition & lactating wet cow conceive.

A

dry cows

57
Q

in post calving, how many days after calving does the reproductive tract & ovaries of a cow should return to normal & reproductive cycle recommence?

A

35-45 days

58
Q

The 35-45 days posy calving in some breeds does not occur, sometimes it’s even longer, this condition is known as? this is a major factor influencing the level of fertility in many northern herds.

A

Post-partum anestrus

59
Q

if a breeder cow is to achieve the ultimate goal of conceiving each year she must recommence cycling & be pregnant within ?

A

85 days of calving

60
Q

what is the normal gestation length?

A

85 days calving + 280 days gestation length w/ the total of 365 days

60
Q

is the most important non-genetic factor influencing conception of beef cows.

A

nutrition

61
Q

what are the option to achieve the body conditioning score?

A
  1. supplementation
  2. grazing management & adjustment of stocking rates
  3. paddock rotation
  4. weaning to reduce nutritional demand of the breeder
62
Q

bone structure are sharp to touch & easily visible, has little evidence of fat deposits or muscling

A

Emaciated

63
Q

beginning of fat cover over the loin, back & fore ribs, Backbone still highly visible.

A

Thin

64
Q

12th to 13th ribs are not visible to the eye unless animal has been shrunk, areas on each side of the tailhead are fairly well filled but not mounded.

A

Moderate

65
Q

Here cow’s appear flesh & obviously carries considerable fat, very spongy fat cover over ribs & round tailhead. Some fat around vulva & in pelvis.

A

Good

66
Q

here cow has lost definition, contours disappear across back & side as cow takes on smooth, block-like appearance, rounds or pones of fat are protruding, bone structure no longer visible & barely palpable. Large fatty deposits may even impair animals mobility.

A

Fat

67
Q

2 practical techniques in maintenance of condition scores of breeder cows;

A
  1. to reduce the nutritional through by the use of supplement
  2. Weaning
68
Q

this are the most common means available in supplement:

A
  1. Protein supplements
  2. Non-protein nitrogen
69
Q

what is an example of non-protein nitrogen?

A

Urea-based mixes

70
Q

in meany areas this ____ is the most practical form of supplementation of the breeder cow.

A

weaning

71
Q

in weaning;

A

it’s cheaper to feed the weaner than to supply supplement to the lactating cow.

72
Q

this _____ involves limiting the mating period by removing bulls from the breeding herd, it’s often used in more favored areas w/ more reliable seasonal conditions & 100% bull control.

A

controlled mating

73
Q

investing though time & money in the genetics of the herd id worthwhile because genetic improvement is?

A
  1. cheap
  2. permanent
  3. cumulative
74
Q

this is _____ because it involves buying a sire that will add genetic improvement & the only extra is the marginal cost of the superior sire over the average.

A

Cheap

75
Q

passed on from one generation to the next

A

permanent

76
Q

the improvement made this year will be in addition to the improvements made last year

A

cumulative

77
Q

it largely determine the appearance or performance of an animal.

A

GENE

77
Q

is the genetic makeup of the animal.

A

genotype

78
Q

is the result of the combined interaction of genotype & the environment.

A

phenotype

79
Q

occurs when one member of a gene pair masks the effect of the other member of the gene pair.

A

Dominance

80
Q

refers to the difference among individuals within a population, w/ great variation in a trait there is more scope for change by selection.

A

Variation

81
Q

is the proportion of superiority in a trait that is transmitted to the offspring.

A

Heritability H2

82
Q

factor that influence the rate of improvement in a trait are:

A
  1. heritability
  2. variation
  3. generation interval
  4. accuracy of selection
  5. intensity of selection & selection differential
83
Q

are the the 2 characteristics or traits that influence the potential for genetic improvement.

A
  1. heritability
  2. variation
84
Q

this is the difference between the mean of those selected to be parents & the mean of all potential parents.

A

Selection differential

85
Q

This is a program that provides a genetic description of cattle for a range of traits in the major areas of growth, carcass performance and fertility. Where common sire linkages occur with other
groups, comparisons can be made across groups.

A

BREEDPLAN

86
Q

These are measures of genetic differences between animals,
expressed as the unit for each trait in positive or negative terms

A

Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs).

87
Q

Dedicated software called _____ ____ _____ ____ uses computer technology to find the best fit for all the pieces of information, for all the traits in question and all the animals in the analysis simultaneously. The solution provides the best estimate of the genetic merit of the animal(s)

A

best linear unbiased prediction

88
Q

In recent years researchers have integrated genetics and economics to
define genetic improvement in economic terms. The result is an index that describes profitability of animals based on the summation of their individual traits or EBVs

A

index selection

89
Q

These provide a means of assessing the true genetic merit of an animal, by ‘marking’ the presence of an individual gene. They give the industry the potential to identify and select animals for
specific traits at an early age.

A

Gene markers

90
Q

g is used for registry in the breed associations and these animals will perform better than non-pure breeds

A

pure breeding

91
Q

is used mostly by many commercial producer and animals also have good performance because of hybrid vigor

A

cross breeding

92
Q

method of mating between individuals which are more closely related, such as brothers and sisters and of sires with daughters is called inbreeding. A

A

inbreeding

93
Q

It is a practice of breeding the farm animals which are not closely related within the same breed.
It is popular system of breeding the dairy herds with average production and small livestock owners

A

outbreeding

94
Q

The level of exotic inheritance should never exceed about how many percent to exploit the full genetic potential of the animal for a sustainable production.

A

62.5%

95
Q

It is mating of pure-bred males of established breed with nondescript females successively over several generations to produce a progeny that resembles and performs similar to the pure breed.

A

grading up

96
Q

Mating of the unrelated pure breed animals, within the same breed is called out crossing. The animals mated have no common ancestor on either of their pedigree up to 4 to 6 generations and the
offspring of such a mating is called the outcross.

A

outcrossing

97
Q

The cross bred females obtained by crossing two breeds are mated to males from one of the two parental breeds.

A

Back crossing

98
Q

males from one of the pure breeds are used in alternate generations to breed the cross bred females. This rotational crossing could be between two breeds is called crisscrossing and
among three breeds is called triple crossing.

A

rotational crossing

99
Q

is the increase in production achieved when mating one or more
pure breeds.

A

heterosis & hybrid vigor

100
Q

are probably the most widely used method of temporary identification.
Often the ear tattoo and ear tags are both used simultaneously on an animal

A

Soft-type plastic ear tags

101
Q

is second in use to the ear tattoo as a permanent means of individual animal identification. Number brands are usually applied with a hot iron. Permanent number brands may also be
applied by freeze branding.

A

Number brand

102
Q

is widely used by breed registry associations and cowherd performance testing programs as a method of permanent identification

A

ear tattoo

103
Q

Steer calves are preferred over bull calves in the feeder market. Bull calves should be castrated if not intended to be retained for breeding purposes.

A

castration

104
Q

, is a bloodless method of castration.

A

emasculating or clumping

105
Q

n is another bloodless method of castration.

A

elastration

106
Q

.Cattle without horns attract some preference over horned cattle in the market. Hornless cattle require less space in transit, in the feedlot and at the feed bunk. They fight less and inflict fewer injuries
to each other

A

dehorning

107
Q

– A caustic paste or stick can be used
on very young calves (up to two or three weeks of age)
where only a button can be felt.

A

chemical dehorning

108
Q

Horn buttons or small horns just emerging can be readily removed with spoon or tube dehorners. The tube must be large enough to fit over the base of the horn and include about one-eighth of an inch of hair around the horn

A

Spoon or Tube Dehorners

109
Q

A hot iron may be used to dehorn calves with
buttons or small horns. Fire-heated irons usually come in
sets so the proper size can be selected to fit over the base of the horn

A

hot iron

110
Q

can be used on horns too large for tube or hot irons
but small enough for the instrument to fit properly and permit cutting a ring of skin and hair

A

barnes type dehorners

111
Q

Cattle with horns too large to remove with the above methods can be dehorned with a saw, clippers or obstetrical wire. Dehorning wounds in large cattle heal slowly and care must be taken to prevent sinus infection and flyblow. Cost and risk should be carefully weighed against expected benefits

A

removing large horns

112
Q

g is the practice of providing supplemental feed, usually grain, to nursing calves in a facility that prohibits the brood cow from having access to the feeding

A

creep feeding

113
Q

is a distress period for both calf and cow

A

weaning

114
Q

is a weaning process in which the calves are removed from
their dams but are allowed to see, hear and smell their dams

A

fence line weaning

115
Q

can be generally described as a component of the diet that does not fall
within the basic nutrient categories: protein, fat, carbohydrates, mineral or vitamin.

A

feed additives

116
Q

is approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex and
prevention of anaplasmosis

A

Chlortetracycline

117
Q

are special types of medicated feed additives called ionophores. These
improve feed efficiency and rate of gain in beef cattle.

A

Monensin and lasalocid

118
Q

s are selective against certain bacteria and protozoans. As a result, these products also help prevent coccidiosis.

A

ionophores

119
Q

delivered through feed have been around for years. These products are
available as a top-dress; however, block and tub formulations are more popular.

A

anthelminthics

120
Q

when added to feedlot heifer rations stops the normal hormone production sequence that produces estrus.

A

Melengestrol acetate (MGA)

121
Q

are relatively new to feedlot cattle. These are utilized toward the final days on feed and increase lean deposition and weight gain. Direct-fed microbials, yeast cultures and yeast cell wall are specialized feed additives.

A

Beta-agonists

122
Q

are being studied to improve health such as sustaining a higher ruminal pH under concentrate feeding to prevent sub-acute acidosis, yeast cultures are being studied as specialized nutrients for the rumen microbes, and yeast cell wall is being studied for binding properties to toxins.

A

Direct-fed microbials

RUMINANT PRODUCTION (5 decks)

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