MOD: 1 INTRODUCTION Flashcards by mitochondria none

Ruminants include

cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes and camels

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partially chewed grass goes into the large rumen where it is stored and broken down into
balls of ?

cud

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The cud is then swallowed once again where it will pass into the next three compartment… what are the 3 compartment?

—the reticulum, the omasum
and the true stomach, the abomasum.

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abomasum constitutes nearly ______ of the young calf’s stomach, decreasing to about 8
percent in the mature cow

60%

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The rumen comprises about ________ of the young calf’s stomach, increasing
to 80 percent in the mature cow.

25%

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A ruminant uses its ______ & ______ to harvest forages during grazing or to consume harvested feedstuffs

mouth & tongue

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The _______ of grass/roughage selectors are wide with a shovel-shaped crown.

incisors

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while those of _________ are narrower and chisel-shaped

concentrate selectors

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______ & ______ match
between upper and lower jaws.

premolars & molars

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________aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat (salivary lipase)
and starch (salivary amylase), and is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen.

Saliva

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what is the primary function 3 function of saliva:

`. provides liquid for the microbes
2. recirculates nitrogen & minerals
3. to buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen.

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Forages and feeds mix with saliva containing sodium, potassium, phosphate, bicarbonate, and urea when consumed, to form a ???

Bolus

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a tube-like passage, perform the swallowing action through waves of muscle contration. Has bidirectional function______?

esophagus

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The-_______ functions bidirectionally in ruminants, allowing them to regurgitate their cud for further chewing, if necessary

esophagus

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The ruminant stomach occupies almost
______ percent of the abdominal cavity, filling nearly all of the left side and extending significantly into the right side.

75%

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the rumen and reticulum comprise ______
of the volume of the total stomach

84%

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Also known as paunch, act as storage or holding vat feed, & is the primary site of microbial fermentation

RUMEN

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Rumen microorganism digest & produce what?

Digest:
1. Cellulose (fiber)
2. make VFA (cows main energy)
3. Digestive complex starch
Produce:
1. B vitamins,
2. Synthesize vit k
3. Amino acids

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pH of rumen ranges to?

6.5 to 6.8

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what are the gases produce in rumen?

Carbon dioxide
Methane
Hydrogen sulfide

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this compartment is called “honeycomb”; it traps & collect heavy/dense objects, referred to as hardware disease.

Reticulum

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microbes of the reticulorumen produces what?

Volatile fatty acids such as:
1. acetate
2. propionate
3. Butyrate

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this volatile fatty acid is fat synthesis

Acetate

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this volatile fatty acid is for glucose synthesis

propionate

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how many % does omasum in stomach volume?

12%

is a spherical & connected to reticulum by a short tunnel; sometimes called "many piles or butcher's bible"; & water absorption happen in here.

Omasum

it's the true stomach; having 4% total volume of stomach; it's the compartment that is similar to nonruminants stomach,

abomasum

abomasum produces what?

Hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes such as: (Pepsin) & recieve panceatic enzyme such as: (pancreatic lipase)

this is the breakdown of protein

Pepsin

this is the breakdown of fats

pancreatic lipase

what is the pH in the abomasum?

3.5 - 4.0

the chief cells in the abomasum secrete this _____ to protect the abomasum wall from acid damage.

mucous

the avomasum & omasum holds about how many gallons?

15-47

ff the abomasum this is the further site of nutr8ient absorption; it's a tube up to 150ft long & 20 gallon capacity

small intestine

this pH is needed for enzymes in the small intestines to work properly

2.5 - 7 to 8 pH

_____ is secreted into the first secretions of the small intestine, duodenum, & it aids to digestion

Bile from gall bladder

intestinal wall contains finger like projections called_____ that aids in nutrient absorption

villi

____ absorbs water from material passing through it & then secrete the remaining material as feces from the rectum

large intestine

_____ is a large blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, serves as a little funtion in a ruminant. approx. 3 ft long w/ 2 galllon in mature cow.

cecum

_____ is the site of most of the water absorption in the large intestine

colon

developing ruminnats are sentsitive to?

gossypol & fat levels

are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyl belonging to the suborder ruminantia

Ruminant

are cloven-hoofed mammals like sheep, goats & cow

Artiodactyls

comes from a latin word ruminare, which means ?

To chew again

here fermentation takes place in the front part of the digestive system

Forgut fermentation

cattle take from ______ to______ prehensile bites:

25, 000 to 45, 000

the secretory elements are group of cells called?

Acini

cow spend their time:

1/3 grazing 1/3 ruminating less than 1/3 idling

Acini contains:

1. Water 2. Electrolytes 3. Mucous

how many litter of saliva are needed per day for chewing, regurgitation & rumination.

110-180 litter

saliva is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen, what are the sources serve as nitrogen.

1. mucoprotein 2. urea

a cow's salivary glands can make & add how many quarts of saliva to the rumen daily.

50 to 80 quarts

______ in saliva is an effective anti-foaming agent & plays a crucial role in preventing bloat.

Mucin

saliva contains:

1. sodium 2. potassium 3. phosphate 4. bicarbonate 5. urea

rumen environment is anaerobic, gases that include is?

1. carbon dioxide 2. methane 3, hydrogen sulfide

in a mature cow; the reticulum can hold around how many gallons of liquids.

5 gallons

in immature ruminant, ______ is formed by the musclar fold of the reticulum, this allows milk to pass by the reticulorumen straight to the abomasum

reticular groove

during nursing or bucket feeding, milk bypasses the rumen & directly enters the abomasum via the ____?

esophageal groove

what are the 3 main sections of stomach:

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

consist of the acinus, that secretes pancreatic juice, & the pancreatic duct, which transports pacreatic juice.

Pancreas

process of digestion in ruminants

1. Food intake & chewing 2. chewing cud moves to the rumen 3. partially digested feed progresses to the reticulum 4. omasum roles is primary tp reduced the water content of digesta 5. abomasum often termed as true stomach

what are the common digesitive disorder in cattle

1. bloat 2. Acidosis 3. Hardware disease

saliva keeps the rumen pH between _____ for best digestion of forages & feedstuffs

6.2-6.8

ruminant produces a diverse range of products, what are these?

1. meat 2. milk 3. hides 4. wool 5. heat 6. energy

ruminant play an important role in?

animal powered mechanization on farms

what is the only compartment that is active in the first 2 weeks of calves life?

abomasum

land convertion from natural habitats to grazing land play an important role in?

1. reduces biodiversity & ecosystem services 2. release large amount of Co2

how many weeks, does the calf continues to feed on milk or milk replaces as it's the main source of nutrition, & growth of abomasum increases

4 weeks old

as the calf starts to eat this the______ rumen begins to ferment & breakdown the feed for digestion

starter grain

the final stage of development occurs at _____ when the rumen becomes the most important part of the digestive system

weaning

the food is intake,chewed cud moves to the ?

rumen

the partially digested feed progress to the ?

reticulum

the role of this is primarily to reduce the cater content of the digesta

omasum

ruminant livestock play an important role in?

1. global food security 2. nutrition 3. livelihoods of the farmers

are the largest user of land worldwide

ruminant livestock

grazing to manage pasture ruminant livestock, however can also play an important role in?

1. landscape, habitats & biodiversity 2. control & prevent the incursion of weeds & invasive plants species

total beef production is set to increase by how many percent over the next decade to 2029 & total milk production will increase by how many percent over the same period?

9% 20&