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Obstetrics & Gynecolgy 1 > Mod 3 > Flashcards

Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Menarche

A

Very first mensural flow

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2
Q

Menses

A

Regular monthly flow in the reproductive years

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3
Q

Perimenopausal

A

A women at the end of her mensural years

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4
Q

What is the classification of perimenopausal

A

Irregular cycle pattern
Late 40’s
10 year duration
Can get pregnant during this period

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5
Q

Menopause

A

When the menstrual cycle ceases altogether

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6
Q

GnRF

A

Also called GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing factor/ or hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus
Stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce its hormones

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Is the control center for the menstrual cycle

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8
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates the growth of follicles

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9
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone
Stimulates follicles but to a lesser extent compared to FSH
Surge in LH is responsible for ovulation
Supports the growth of the corpus lute I but does not maintain it

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10
Q

What produces FSH and LH
what is the other name for them
what do they stimulate

A

Beta cells in the anterior pituitary
Also called gonadotropins
Stimulate the ovaries

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11
Q

How many follicles will mature with each cycle when stimulated by FSH

A

Only one

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12
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum in pregnancy

A

HCG

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13
Q

Ovarian steroids

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin

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14
Q

Hormones of the female menstrual cycle

A 
GnRH
FSH
LH 
Estrogen
Progesterone 
Relaxin
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15
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted from granulosa cells lining the follicles
Peak secretion occurs just before ovulation
Must hit a threshold for LH to surge
Cause for proliferation of endometrium
Responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

Female secondary sex characteristics

A

Breast development
Widening of the hips
Body hair

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17
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by the corpus luteum
Peak concentration is reached about 7 days after ovulation
Induces secretory activity and hypertrophy of the endometrium
Inhibits the secretion of LH
Makes the uterus more hospital for implantation

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18
Q

Relaxin

A

Relaxes the symphysis pubis during fetal delivery
Helps dilate the cervix to promote sperm mobility
Also dilated the cervix in labour during fetal delivery

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19
Q

Menstruation length

A

Day 1-5

20
Q

Proliferation phase

A

Day 6-14

Also called the follicular phase

21
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14

22
Q

Secretory

A

Day 14-28

Also called the luteal phase

23
Q

Follicular phase and luteal phase are

A

What the ovary is actually doing

24
Q

Day 1 of menstrual cycle

A

the bleeding phase
Ovarian hormone levels are low-hypothalamus produces GnRF as a result
Result is pituitary produces FSH and LH

25
Q

Graafian Follicle

A

Matures by day 13 and is accompanied by an increase in estrogen
The dominant follicle

26
Q

Day 14 of menstrual cycle

A

Estrogen hits its threshold

Causes LH to surge inducing ovulation

27
Q

Corpus luteum

A

The bursted graafian follicle

28
Q

If progesterone decreases

A

Estrogen increases

Corpus luteum regresses if no fertilization occurs

29
Q

What cause menstruation to begin

Does the cycle reinitiate

A

Withdrawal of the hormones and yes the cycle reinitiates as a result

30
Q

Symptoms of the menstrual cycle

A

Possible mittleschmerz
Fluid retention or weight gain in the luteal phase
Rise in body temp because of progesterone at ovulation

31
Q

Proliferative phase on ultrasound

A

Hypoechoic halo
Echogenic edge of endometrium
Hypoechoic of endometrium
Apposing endometrial lining

32
Q

Secretory phase on ultrasound

A

Hypoechoic halo

Hyperechoic endometrium

33
Q

Menstrual phase on ultrasound

A

Endometrium is thin

May see blood in canal- appear anechoic if seen

34
Q

Postmenopausal ultrasound appearance

A

Endometrium is thin: 1-5mm

Less than 5mm in EV

35
Q

If a postmenopausal women is on hormone replacement therapy how does the endometrium appear

A

Thicker than it would if she was not on HRT drugs

36
Q

How does the endometrium of a retroflexed uterus appear on ultrasound

A

It is difficult to get a good visual

37
Q

What is the best way to visualize the endometrium on ultrasound

A

Get perpendicular

38
Q

Cumulus Oophorus

A

When the ovum protrudes from the wall of the follicle into the follicular fluid

39
Q

What is cumulus oophorus a sign of

A

That ovulation is about to occur

40
Q

Endometrial changes in proliferative phase

A

Spirals arterioles undergo lengthening via mitosis

41
Q

Endometrial changes after ovulation

A

Becomes edematous because of a progesterone influence

42
Q

Endometrial changes without fertilization

A

Corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone decrease
Because the endometrium shrinks causing circulation to be cut off

43
Q

Endometrium with fertilization

A

Thickens because of increase in progesterone cause by corpus luteum

44
Q

With high levels of estrogen and progesterone what happens

A

Hypothalamus is suppressed

45
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

Forms when the corpus luteum degenerates

Causes a white scar to form

46
Q

Corpus fibrosum

A

Occurs when a follicle does not rupture
Corpus luteum does not form
Liquid eventually is gradually absorbed, follicle regresses, scar forms

Obstetrics & Gynecolgy 1 (8 decks)

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