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ESA2 > MOD > Flashcards

MOD Flashcards

0
Q

Define hypoxaemic

A

Low arterial O2 content

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1
Q

Define hypoxia

A

Lack of O2 supply

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2
Q

Define anaemic

A

Decreased Hb O2 carrying ability.

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3
Q

Define ischaemia

A

Interruption to blood flow

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4
Q

Define histiocytic

A

O2 usage inability due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation enzymes.

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5
Q

Define oncosis

A

Cell death with associated swelling.

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6
Q

Define pyknosis (morphology)

A

Compaction of nucleus

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7
Q

Define karyorrhexis (morphology)

A

Nuclear material breakdown

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8
Q

Define Karyolysis (morphology)

A

Nucleus no longer present

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9
Q

Define necrosis

A

Cell death

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10
Q

Name the 5 types of necrosis

A

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Ischaemic

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11
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death that requires energy.

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12
Q

Give the 3 substances that are considered abnormal in cellular accumulation.

A

Lipids
Proteins
Pigments

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13
Q

Define dystrophic calcification

A

No abnormality in calcium metabolism or serum calcium.

Causes organ disfunction.

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14
Q

Define metastatic calcification.

A

Hypercalcaemia leading to abnormal calcium deposition. Asymptomatic.

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15
Q

4 effects of chronic excessive alcohol intake.

A

Metabolic tolerance
Fatty change
Acute alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis

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16
Q

How many days until liver necrosis after paracetamol overdose?

A

3-5 days

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17
Q

4 stages of neutrophil infiltration

A

Margination, Rolling, Adhesion and Emigration

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18
Q

Define acute inflammation

A

Response of living tissue to injury in order to limit damage.

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19
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis.

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20
Q

Define thrombosis

A

Formation of solid blood mass in circulatory system.

21
Q

What is Virchows triad?

A

Thrombosis caused by combination of vessel type, blood flow and blood components.

22
Q

Define embolism

A

Blockage of blood vessel by solid liquid or gas at distant site to the origin.

23
Q

Define atheroma

A

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries.

24
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

The thickening and hardening of arterial walls as a consequence of atheroma.

25
Q

Define arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening of walls of arteries and arterioles usually as a result of hypertension of diabetes mellitus.

26
Q

Give the difference between a simple and complicated plaque.

A

Raised yellow/white with irregular outline (simple).

Thrombosis, Haemorrhage, Calcification and Aneurism (complicated).

27
Q

4 cellular effects of signalling.

A

Survive, Divide, Differentiate or Die.

28
Q

Define regeneration

A

Cells multiply to replace losses

29
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Cells increase in number above normal

30
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Cells increase in size

31
Q

Define atrophy

A

Cells become smaller

32
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Cells replaced by cells of a different type.

33
Q

Define aplasia

A

Complete failure of a tissue or organ to develop

34
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ at embryonic stage due to inadequate number of cells.

35
Q

Define atresia

A

Body orifice is abnormally closed or absent

36
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Change in cell or tissue phenotype

37
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal.

38
Q

Define Malignant Neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites.

39
Q

Define tumour

A

A clinically detectable lump or swelling

40
Q

Define cancer

A

Any malignant neoplasm

41
Q

Define metastasis

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.

42
Q

Define primary site

A

Original site of a metastasis

43
Q

Define secondary site

A

The place to which the metastasis has spread

44
Q

Define dysplasia

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation.

45
Q

What is the difference between neoplasm and dyplasia?

A

Dysplasia is reversible and pre-neoplastic.

Neoplasm is irreversible.

46
Q

Define anaplastic

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called anaplastic.

47
Q

Define initiator

A

Mutagenic agents that cause mutations

48
Q

Define promoter

A

Cause cell proliferation

49
Q

Define progression

A

Accumulation of mutations within a neoplasm

50
Q

Define lyonisation

A

Random inactivation of one allele of a gene

51
Q

Define Shock

A

Clinical syndrome of circulatory failure

ESA2 (4 decks)

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