MOD Flashcards
Define hypoxaemic
Low arterial O2 content
Define hypoxia
Lack of O2 supply
Define anaemic
Decreased Hb O2 carrying ability.
Define ischaemia
Interruption to blood flow
Define histiocytic
O2 usage inability due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation enzymes.
Define oncosis
Cell death with associated swelling.
Define pyknosis (morphology)
Compaction of nucleus
Define karyorrhexis (morphology)
Nuclear material breakdown
Define Karyolysis (morphology)
Nucleus no longer present
Define necrosis
Cell death
Name the 5 types of necrosis
Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Ischaemic
Define apoptosis
Programmed cell death that requires energy.
Give the 3 substances that are considered abnormal in cellular accumulation.
Lipids
Proteins
Pigments
Define dystrophic calcification
No abnormality in calcium metabolism or serum calcium.
Causes organ disfunction.
Define metastatic calcification.
Hypercalcaemia leading to abnormal calcium deposition. Asymptomatic.
4 effects of chronic excessive alcohol intake.
Metabolic tolerance
Fatty change
Acute alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
How many days until liver necrosis after paracetamol overdose?
3-5 days
4 stages of neutrophil infiltration
Margination, Rolling, Adhesion and Emigration
Define acute inflammation
Response of living tissue to injury in order to limit damage.
Define chronic inflammation
Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis.
Define thrombosis
Formation of solid blood mass in circulatory system.
What is Virchows triad?
Thrombosis caused by combination of vessel type, blood flow and blood components.
Define embolism
Blockage of blood vessel by solid liquid or gas at distant site to the origin.
Define atheroma
Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries.
Define atherosclerosis
The thickening and hardening of arterial walls as a consequence of atheroma.
Define arteriosclerosis
Thickening of walls of arteries and arterioles usually as a result of hypertension of diabetes mellitus.
Give the difference between a simple and complicated plaque.
Raised yellow/white with irregular outline (simple).
Thrombosis, Haemorrhage, Calcification and Aneurism (complicated).
4 cellular effects of signalling.
Survive, Divide, Differentiate or Die.
Define regeneration
Cells multiply to replace losses
Define hyperplasia
Cells increase in number above normal
Define hypertrophy
Cells increase in size
Define atrophy
Cells become smaller
Define metaplasia
Cells replaced by cells of a different type.
Define aplasia
Complete failure of a tissue or organ to develop
Define hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ at embryonic stage due to inadequate number of cells.
Define atresia
Body orifice is abnormally closed or absent
Define dysplasia
Change in cell or tissue phenotype
Define Neoplasm
Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal.
Define Malignant Neoplasm
Abnormal growth that persists after stimulus removal and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites.
Define tumour
A clinically detectable lump or swelling
Define cancer
Any malignant neoplasm
Define metastasis
A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.
Define primary site
Original site of a metastasis
Define secondary site
The place to which the metastasis has spread
Define dysplasia
A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation.
What is the difference between neoplasm and dyplasia?
Dysplasia is reversible and pre-neoplastic.
Neoplasm is irreversible.
Define anaplastic
Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called anaplastic.
Define initiator
Mutagenic agents that cause mutations
Define promoter
Cause cell proliferation
Define progression
Accumulation of mutations within a neoplasm
Define lyonisation
Random inactivation of one allele of a gene
Define Shock
Clinical syndrome of circulatory failure
