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ESA2 > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

0
Q

Maximum blood flow during exercise

A

25 l/min

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1
Q

Minimum blood flow

A

5 l/min

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2
Q

What are the Venae Comitantes

A 
3 vessels (2v 1a) wrapped in one sheath.
Pulsing of artery promotes venous return.
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3
Q

3 examples of venae comitantes

A

Brachial, Ulnar, Tibial

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4
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium.

Rubbing sound on auscultation.

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5
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid that compresses the heart.

Right cardiac hypertension.

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6
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Relaxation of ventricles when all valves closed.

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7
Q

What is rapid filling phase?

A

Opening of AV valves so high pressure blood in atrium enters into ventricle.

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8
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

Contraction when all valves closed. This causes a massive increase in ventricular pressure.

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9
Q

What is the rapid ejection phase?

A

Outflow valves open and isovolumetric contraction ended.

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10
Q

What is splitting?

A

Valves do not close at the same time.

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11
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowed valve.

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12
Q

What is incompetence?

A

Valve not closing correctly.

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13
Q

What is acyanotic congenital heart defect?

A

Shunting of blood from left to right (oxygenated).

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14
Q

What is cyanotic congenital heart defect?

A

Deoxygenated blood shunted from right to left side of the heart. Deoxy blood enters circulation.

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15
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Receive ACh and release adrenaline into blood stream. Found in adrenal medulla.

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16
Q

Define flow

A

Volume of fluid passing given point per unit time

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17
Q

Define velocity

A

Rate of movement of fluid particles along tube.

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18
Q

At fixed flow what is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional area?

A

Inversely proportional

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19
Q

With fixed pressure, what is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional area?

A

Directly proportional

20
Q

With fixed pressure, what is the relationship between velocity and viscosity?

A

Inversely proportional

21
Q

Mean velocity x cross sectional area = ?

A

Flow

22
Q

Flow x Resistance = ?

A

Pressure

23
Q

How is overall resistance calculated in series?

A

R1 + R2

24
Q

How is overall resistance calculated in parallel?

A

(R1 x R2)/(R1 + R2)

25
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - Diastolic

26
Q

How is average pressure calculated?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

27
Q

Define stroke volume

A

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

28
Q

Define contractility

A

Slope of Starling Curve

29
Q

What is the relationship between TPR and the body’s need for blood?

A

Inversely proportional

30
Q

Normal pulmonary artery pressure

A

12-15 mmHg

31
Q

Normal pulmonary capillary pressure

A

9-12 mmHg

32
Q

Pulmonary vein pressure

A

5 mmHg

33
Q

Optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio

A

0.8

34
Q

Effect of hydrostatic pressure in Starling’s Forces

A

Push fluid out of vessel and into interstitial fluid.

35
Q

Effect of oncotic pressure in Starling’s forces.

A

Large molecules in blood draw fluid into vessel.

36
Q

Describe the effect of myogenic autoregulation

A

Increased BP causes vasoconstriction (vice versa).

In cerebral circulation.

37
Q

Describe the effects of metabolic concentrations in cerebral circulation.

A

Hypercapnia causes vasodilation (hypo causes constriction).

38
Q

Describe the effects of hyperventilation concerning cerebral circulation.

A

Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. This employs cerebral vasoconstriction leading to dizziness or fainting.

39
Q

What is Cushing’s Reflex?

A

Rigid cranium prevents brain expansion. Impaired blood flow to vasomotor control regions causes increase in arterial BP to maintain cerebral blood flow.

40
Q

Action of Class I arrhythmia drugs

A

Block open or inactivated Na+ voltage-gated channels

41
Q

Action of Class II arrhythmia drugs

A

β-adrenoreceptor antagonists

42
Q

Action of Class III arrhythmia drugs

A

Blocks K+ channels

43
Q

Action of Class IV arrhythmia drugs

A

Block Ca2+ channels

44
Q

Action of adenosine in arrhythmia

A

α 1 Receptor agonist

45
Q

Define heart failure

A

Chronic failure of the heart to provide sufficient output to meet the body’s requirements

46
Q

What does ACE stand for?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

47
Q

Define central venous pressure

A

Pressure in the great veins

48
Q

Define venous return

A

Return of blood from the body

ESA2 (4 decks)

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