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Psych 101 > Mod 20-21, 23-25 > Flashcards

Mod 20-21, 23-25 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experiencing new information or behaviors

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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

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4
Q

conditioning

A

process of training an organism to behave in a certain way to accept certain circumstances.

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5
Q

stimulus

A

an event or situation that evokes a response

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6
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs automatically in response to a stimulus

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

the founder of classical conditioning. the experiment with dog salivation.

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning that links two or more stimuli (bell+food->drooling, bell->drooling)

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9
Q

john watson

A

he conducted the little Albert experiment

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10
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should:
1-be an objective science
2-study behavior with no reference to mental process
a lot of psychologists believe 1 but not 2

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimuli that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—causes a an unconditioned response.

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12
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditional stimulus.

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13
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes o trigger a conditional response.

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15
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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16
Q

acquisition

A

when a conditioned response is growing in strength through previous association

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17
Q

extinction

A

when an conditioned stimulus isn’t followed by unconditional stimuli overtime, the strength of conditional response falls.

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction and a pause, the conditional stimulus is reintroduced. the organism responds with a weakened conditional response.

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19
Q

generalization

A

associating stimuli that are similar to conditional stimulus as “close enough”, and causing conditional response.

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20
Q

discrimination

A

learning that certain things are associated with a unconditional stimulus and others are not

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning based on an action followed by reinforcement or punishment

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22
Q

operant behavior

A

the behavior that receives either punishment or reinforcement in operant conditioning

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23
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

behaviors that are followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated again

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24
Q

BF Skinner

A

he created the operant chamber (Skinner box) and would make rats press a lever for food or pidgins spin in a circle for food.

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25
Q

operant chamber

A

a box where an animal will be operantly conditioned

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26
Q

shaping

A

within an operant chamber, it’s the customized details for the specific animal being conditioned. birds peck, rats climb. make the operant behavior something easy for an animal to complete.

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27
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, its treatment you give someone when you want them to repeat an operant behavior

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28
Q

punishment

A

in operant conditioning, it’s something you do followed by an operant behavior that makes it less likely for the behavior to be repeated.

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29
Q

positive reinforcement

A

giving (positive) something to make the operant behavior more likely to be repeated again (reinforcement)

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30
Q

positive punishment

A

giving (positive) something bad so that an operant behavior is less likely to be be repeated again (punishment)

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31
Q

negative punishment

A

taking something away (negative) that ensures an operant behavior is less likely to be repeated (punishment)

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32
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking something away (negative) that makes an operant behavior more likely to happen again (reinforcement)

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33
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing every single time an operant behavior is completed

34
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement after a response is not ensured

35
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule FR

A

an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses (“FR50” means reinforcement is given after every 50 responses)

36
Q

variable ratio

A

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

37
Q

fixed interval (FI)

A

when a reward happens after an determined interval (a determined amount of time has passed)

38
Q

variable interval (VI)

A

a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

39
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage and retrieval of information

40
Q

tip of the tounge phenomenon

A

while trying to recall something, you can’t quite recall the full memory, and it just sits on its ass at the tip of your tounge.

41
Q

recall

A

the ability to pull a memory from your storage without any assistance

42
Q

recognition

A

picking out which things you have stored in your memory based on given information

43
Q

relearn

A

when you’ve learned something before, forgotten it, and learned it again. this can make it easier to learn again, even after forgetting

44
Q

retrieval

A

the act of pulling memory from storage and using it in working memory

45
Q

storage

A

where the memory sits while we don’t use it

46
Q

encoding

A

the act of learning new information

47
Q

effortful processing

A

saving information into your brain that you can’t do without trying to learn it

48
Q

explicit memories

A

a memory you made effort to remember (through effortful processing!)

49
Q

automatic encoding

A

without having to think about it, your brain automatically saves these memories.

50
Q

implicit memories

A

memories you encoded without effort

51
Q

sensory memory

A

from the ears or eyes, it’s the memory that last for a few seconds after hearing or seeing something

52
Q

iconic memory

A

from the eyes, memory that lasts 3-4 seconds

53
Q

echoic memory

A

memory from the ears that lasts 5-7 seconds

54
Q

short term memory

A

briefly activated memory of a few items (2 more or less than 7) that is later stored or forgotten

55
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short term memory;
conscious, active processing of both 1) incoming sensory information and 2) information retrieved from long term memory

56
Q

mnemonics

A

a strategy of pairing memories with an easy way to remember them (ex. “Never Eat Soggy Waffles” —> “North East South West”)

57
Q

acronym

A

a type of mnemonic that uses the first letter of each sequence word to create a new, easier to remember word

58
Q

acrostic

A

Never Eat Soggy Waffle
North East South West

59
Q

chunking

A

to put together similar things and remember them as a group rather than individually. remembering names: remember people in groups of married couples or siblings.

60
Q

rehearsal

A

say something over and over again to keep it in your working memory so you remember better

61
Q

Ebbinghaus and spacing effect

A

he discovered the forgetting curve and spacing effect. if you learn something spread out over time (spacing effect), you can combat the forgetting curve.

62
Q

distributed study

A

studying in increments gradually

63
Q

massed practice

A

studying everything you need to know all at once

64
Q

serial position effect

A

recency- out of a list, may remember the things you most recently studied, especially if being tested right after.

primacy- being tested after a break, you are more likely to remember the first things on the list.

65
Q

frontal lobes

A

where the working memory and short term memory is

66
Q

memory consolidation

A

to add to a memory and connect memories

67
Q

hippocampus and frontal lobes

A

memory processing center for explicit memory

68
Q

cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

implicit memory centers

69
Q

amnesia

A

temporary or permanent memory loss from brain damage, infection, traumatic events, drugs, etc.

70
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of memory involved with performance of certain actions and skills.

71
Q

retrieval cue

A

something that causes retrieval

72
Q

context dependent memory

A

having an easier time with remembering something based on where you have learned it or studied it

73
Q

state dependent memory

A

having an easier time remembering if you are in the same mood or under the same influence as when you originally learned information

74
Q

forgetting

A

inability to remember a memory

75
Q

encoding failure

A

you never successfully encoded information, so you don’t remember it

76
Q

storage decay

A

how information (if unused) gradually fades away

77
Q

retrieval failure

A

you have the information stored, but once trying to pull it into your working memory, you are unable to and forget.

78
Q

proactive interference

A

when old memories disrupt access of new memories

79
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories making it hard to remember old ones of the same liking

80
Q

false memory

A

a memory your brain made up

81
Q

misinformation effect

A

being told something new about a memory, you can add that information to a memory and remember the memory differently than before. therefore, you believe you experienced it differently than you may have actually.

82
Q

reconsolidation

A

the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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