Mod 20-21, 23-25 Flashcards
learning
the process of acquiring through experiencing new information or behaviors
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)
conditioning
process of training an organism to behave in a certain way to accept certain circumstances.
stimulus
an event or situation that evokes a response
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs automatically in response to a stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
the founder of classical conditioning. the experiment with dog salivation.
classical conditioning
a type of learning that links two or more stimuli (bell+food->drooling, bell->drooling)
john watson
he conducted the little Albert experiment
behaviorism
the view that psychology should:
1-be an objective science
2-study behavior with no reference to mental process
a lot of psychologists believe 1 but not 2
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimuli that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—causes a an unconditioned response.
unconditioned response (UR)
an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditional stimulus.
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
conditioned stimulus
an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes o trigger a conditional response.
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
acquisition
when a conditioned response is growing in strength through previous association
extinction
when an conditioned stimulus isn’t followed by unconditional stimuli overtime, the strength of conditional response falls.
spontaneous recovery
after extinction and a pause, the conditional stimulus is reintroduced. the organism responds with a weakened conditional response.
generalization
associating stimuli that are similar to conditional stimulus as “close enough”, and causing conditional response.
discrimination
learning that certain things are associated with a unconditional stimulus and others are not
operant conditioning
conditioning based on an action followed by reinforcement or punishment
operant behavior
the behavior that receives either punishment or reinforcement in operant conditioning
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
behaviors that are followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated again
BF Skinner
he created the operant chamber (Skinner box) and would make rats press a lever for food or pidgins spin in a circle for food.
operant chamber
a box where an animal will be operantly conditioned
shaping
within an operant chamber, it’s the customized details for the specific animal being conditioned. birds peck, rats climb. make the operant behavior something easy for an animal to complete.
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, its treatment you give someone when you want them to repeat an operant behavior
punishment
in operant conditioning, it’s something you do followed by an operant behavior that makes it less likely for the behavior to be repeated.
positive reinforcement
giving (positive) something to make the operant behavior more likely to be repeated again (reinforcement)
positive punishment
giving (positive) something bad so that an operant behavior is less likely to be be repeated again (punishment)
negative punishment
taking something away (negative) that ensures an operant behavior is less likely to be repeated (punishment)
negative reinforcement
taking something away (negative) that makes an operant behavior more likely to happen again (reinforcement)
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing every single time an operant behavior is completed
partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcement after a response is not ensured
Fixed Ratio Schedule FR
an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses (“FR50” means reinforcement is given after every 50 responses)
variable ratio
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
fixed interval (FI)
when a reward happens after an determined interval (a determined amount of time has passed)
variable interval (VI)
a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
memory
the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage and retrieval of information
tip of the tounge phenomenon
while trying to recall something, you can’t quite recall the full memory, and it just sits on its ass at the tip of your tounge.
recall
the ability to pull a memory from your storage without any assistance
recognition
picking out which things you have stored in your memory based on given information
relearn
when you’ve learned something before, forgotten it, and learned it again. this can make it easier to learn again, even after forgetting
retrieval
the act of pulling memory from storage and using it in working memory
storage
where the memory sits while we don’t use it
encoding
the act of learning new information
effortful processing
saving information into your brain that you can’t do without trying to learn it
explicit memories
a memory you made effort to remember (through effortful processing!)
automatic encoding
without having to think about it, your brain automatically saves these memories.
implicit memories
memories you encoded without effort
sensory memory
from the ears or eyes, it’s the memory that last for a few seconds after hearing or seeing something
iconic memory
from the eyes, memory that lasts 3-4 seconds
echoic memory
memory from the ears that lasts 5-7 seconds
short term memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (2 more or less than 7) that is later stored or forgotten
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory;
conscious, active processing of both 1) incoming sensory information and 2) information retrieved from long term memory
mnemonics
a strategy of pairing memories with an easy way to remember them (ex. “Never Eat Soggy Waffles” —> “North East South West”)
acronym
a type of mnemonic that uses the first letter of each sequence word to create a new, easier to remember word
acrostic
Never Eat Soggy Waffle
North East South West
chunking
to put together similar things and remember them as a group rather than individually. remembering names: remember people in groups of married couples or siblings.
rehearsal
say something over and over again to keep it in your working memory so you remember better
Ebbinghaus and spacing effect
he discovered the forgetting curve and spacing effect. if you learn something spread out over time (spacing effect), you can combat the forgetting curve.
distributed study
studying in increments gradually
massed practice
studying everything you need to know all at once
serial position effect
recency- out of a list, may remember the things you most recently studied, especially if being tested right after.
primacy- being tested after a break, you are more likely to remember the first things on the list.
frontal lobes
where the working memory and short term memory is
memory consolidation
to add to a memory and connect memories
hippocampus and frontal lobes
memory processing center for explicit memory
cerebellum and basal ganglia
implicit memory centers
amnesia
temporary or permanent memory loss from brain damage, infection, traumatic events, drugs, etc.
procedural memory
a type of memory involved with performance of certain actions and skills.
retrieval cue
something that causes retrieval
context dependent memory
having an easier time with remembering something based on where you have learned it or studied it
state dependent memory
having an easier time remembering if you are in the same mood or under the same influence as when you originally learned information
forgetting
inability to remember a memory
encoding failure
you never successfully encoded information, so you don’t remember it
storage decay
how information (if unused) gradually fades away
retrieval failure
you have the information stored, but once trying to pull it into your working memory, you are unable to and forget.
proactive interference
when old memories disrupt access of new memories
retroactive interference
new memories making it hard to remember old ones of the same liking
false memory
a memory your brain made up
misinformation effect
being told something new about a memory, you can add that information to a memory and remember the memory differently than before. therefore, you believe you experienced it differently than you may have actually.
reconsolidation
the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory
