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Psych 101 > Mod 20-21, 23-25 > Flashcards

Mod 20-21, 23-25 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experiencing new information or behaviors

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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

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4
Q

conditioning

A

process of training an organism to behave in a certain way to accept certain circumstances.

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5
Q

stimulus

A

an event or situation that evokes a response

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6
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs automatically in response to a stimulus

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

the founder of classical conditioning. the experiment with dog salivation.

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning that links two or more stimuli (bell+food->drooling, bell->drooling)

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9
Q

john watson

A

he conducted the little Albert experiment

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10
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should:
1-be an objective science
2-study behavior with no reference to mental process
a lot of psychologists believe 1 but not 2

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimuli that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—causes a an unconditioned response.

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12
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditional stimulus.

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13
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes o trigger a conditional response.

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15
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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16
Q

acquisition

A

when a conditioned response is growing in strength through previous association

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17
Q

extinction

A

when an conditioned stimulus isn’t followed by unconditional stimuli overtime, the strength of conditional response falls.

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction and a pause, the conditional stimulus is reintroduced. the organism responds with a weakened conditional response.

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19
Q

generalization

A

associating stimuli that are similar to conditional stimulus as “close enough”, and causing conditional response.

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20
Q

discrimination

A

learning that certain things are associated with a unconditional stimulus and others are not

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning based on an action followed by reinforcement or punishment

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22
Q

operant behavior

A

the behavior that receives either punishment or reinforcement in operant conditioning

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23
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

behaviors that are followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated again

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24
Q

BF Skinner

A

he created the operant chamber (Skinner box) and would make rats press a lever for food or pidgins spin in a circle for food.

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25
operant chamber
a box where an animal will be operantly conditioned
26
shaping
within an operant chamber, it’s the customized details for the specific animal being conditioned. birds peck, rats climb. make the operant behavior something easy for an animal to complete.
27
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, its treatment you give someone when you want them to repeat an operant behavior
28
punishment
in operant conditioning, it’s something you do followed by an operant behavior that makes it less likely for the behavior to be repeated.
29
positive reinforcement
giving (positive) something to make the operant behavior more likely to be repeated again (reinforcement)
30
positive punishment
giving (positive) something bad so that an operant behavior is less likely to be be repeated again (punishment)
31
negative punishment
taking something away (negative) that ensures an operant behavior is less likely to be repeated (punishment)
32
negative reinforcement
taking something away (negative) that makes an operant behavior more likely to happen again (reinforcement)
33
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing every single time an operant behavior is completed
34
partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcement after a response is not ensured
35
Fixed Ratio Schedule FR
an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses (“FR50” means reinforcement is given after every 50 responses)
36
variable ratio
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
37
fixed interval (FI)
when a reward happens after an determined interval (a determined amount of time has passed)
38
variable interval (VI)
a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
39
memory
the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage and retrieval of information
40
tip of the tounge phenomenon
while trying to recall something, you can’t quite recall the full memory, and it just sits on its ass at the tip of your tounge.
41
recall
the ability to pull a memory from your storage without any assistance
42
recognition
picking out which things you have stored in your memory based on given information
43
relearn
when you’ve learned something before, forgotten it, and learned it again. this can make it easier to learn again, even after forgetting
44
retrieval
the act of pulling memory from storage and using it in working memory
45
storage
where the memory sits while we don’t use it
46
encoding
the act of learning new information
47
effortful processing
saving information into your brain that you can’t do without trying to learn it
48
explicit memories
a memory you made effort to remember (through effortful processing!)
49
automatic encoding
without having to think about it, your brain automatically saves these memories.
50
implicit memories
memories you encoded without effort
51
sensory memory
from the ears or eyes, it’s the memory that last for a few seconds after hearing or seeing something
52
iconic memory
from the eyes, memory that lasts 3-4 seconds
53
echoic memory
memory from the ears that lasts 5-7 seconds
54
short term memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (2 more or less than 7) that is later stored or forgotten
55
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory; conscious, active processing of both 1) incoming sensory information and 2) information retrieved from long term memory
56
mnemonics
a strategy of pairing memories with an easy way to remember them (ex. “Never Eat Soggy Waffles” —> “North East South West”)
57
acronym
a type of mnemonic that uses the first letter of each sequence word to create a new, easier to remember word
58
acrostic
Never Eat Soggy Waffle North East South West
59
chunking
to put together similar things and remember them as a group rather than individually. remembering names: remember people in groups of married couples or siblings.
60
rehearsal
say something over and over again to keep it in your working memory so you remember better
61
Ebbinghaus and spacing effect
he discovered the forgetting curve and spacing effect. if you learn something spread out over time (spacing effect), you can combat the forgetting curve.
62
distributed study
studying in increments gradually
63
massed practice
studying everything you need to know all at once
64
serial position effect
recency- out of a list, may remember the things you most recently studied, especially if being tested right after. primacy- being tested after a break, you are more likely to remember the first things on the list.
65
frontal lobes
where the working memory and short term memory is
66
memory consolidation
to add to a memory and connect memories
67
hippocampus and frontal lobes
memory processing center for explicit memory
68
cerebellum and basal ganglia
implicit memory centers
69
amnesia
temporary or permanent memory loss from brain damage, infection, traumatic events, drugs, etc.
70
procedural memory
a type of memory involved with performance of certain actions and skills.
71
retrieval cue
something that causes retrieval
72
context dependent memory
having an easier time with remembering something based on where you have learned it or studied it
73
state dependent memory
having an easier time remembering if you are in the same mood or under the same influence as when you originally learned information
74
forgetting
inability to remember a memory
75
encoding failure
you never successfully encoded information, so you don’t remember it
76
storage decay
how information (if unused) gradually fades away
77
retrieval failure
you have the information stored, but once trying to pull it into your working memory, you are unable to and forget.
78
proactive interference
when old memories disrupt access of new memories
79
retroactive interference
new memories making it hard to remember old ones of the same liking
80
false memory
a memory your brain made up
81
misinformation effect
being told something new about a memory, you can add that information to a memory and remember the memory differently than before. therefore, you believe you experienced it differently than you may have actually.
82
reconsolidation
the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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