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mod 2 > Mod 2 Mock Exam (version 1) > Flashcards

Mod 2 Mock Exam (version 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS

* PNS

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2
Q

Name 4 things controlled by homeostasis

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood glucose levels
  • CO2 levels
  • Water content
  • Temperature
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3
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae

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4
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3lb

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5
Q

What 4 parts make up the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Diencephalon
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6
Q

What are the primary differences between the left and right side of the brain?

A

Left is logic, right is creative

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7
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum & state each lobes function

A
  • Frontal (personality, thoughts, movement control)
  • Parietal lobe (temp, taste, touch, movement)
  • Occipital lobe (vision & interpretation)
  • Temporal lobe (memories and integrating them)
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8
Q

State 3 functions of the cerebellum

A
  • Balance
  • Muscle co-ordination
  • Muscle tone
  • Learning & language
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9
Q

State 6 functions of the Diencephalon

A
  • Temp control
  • Sensory functions of touch & pain
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Emotion
  • Circadian cycles
  • Primary hormone control center for nervous system
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10
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain stem and state 2 functions for each

A
  • Mid brain (connects upper & lower parts of brain, contains important reflex centres affecting the eyes, head and neck)
  • Pons varolii (forms a bridge joining various parts of the brain together & joins cerebrum above to medulla and cerebellum below)
  • Medulla oblongata (regulates vital actions, such as respiration and circulation & center for reflex actions such as swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing).
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11
Q

Where is the cardiovascular center located and state 3 functions?

A

Located in the medulla. Controls rate & force of cardiac contraction, controls blood pressure, diameter of blood vessels.

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12
Q

Where is the respiratory center located and state 2 functions?

A

Located in medulla and the pons. Controls rate and depth of respiration, nerve impulses are passed which stimulate contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles initiating respiration.

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13
Q

What does Decussation mean?

A

Left hemisphere of brain controls right half of body and vice versa

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14
Q

State 3 functions of the meninges

A
  • Protect brain and spinal cord
  • Maintains brain position
  • Absorbs excess cerebrospinal fluid.
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15
Q

State the 3 layers of the meninges

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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16
Q

State 4 functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Lubricate the brain & spinal cord preventing friction during movement
  • Supports the brain
  • Nourish and cleanse by washing away toxic substances
  • Act as a shock absorber
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17
Q

Name the 3 ways CSF maintains homeostasis

A

Mechanical

Chemical

Circulation protection

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18
Q

If CSF was found outside the body, where would you assume an injury?

A

Skull

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19
Q

Describe a reflex action

A

Involuntary and immediate response to sensory stimulus

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20
Q

Which 2 types of nerves makes up the PNS and state their functions?

A

Sensory (5 senses, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors) and motor (somatic(voluntary)= skeletal muscle & Autonomic(involuntary) = cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

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21
Q

How many peripheral nerves are there and how do they break down?

A

31 (8,12,5,5,1)

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22
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and state 4 functions?

A

12 pairs. Relay sensory info to specialised areas of brain, relay info relating to touch temp and pain from head and neck, control motor functions of muscles around head and neck, autonomic control of many internal functions.

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23
Q

Name the cranial nerves and there functions

A
  • Olfactory I
  • Optic II
  • Oculomotor III
  • Trochlear IV
  • Trigeminal V
  • Abducens VI
  • Facial VII
  • Vestibulocochlear VIII
  • Glossopharyngeal IX
  • Vagus X
  • Accessory XI
  • Hypoglossal XII
24
Q

What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system and state the 2 sets of nerves?

A

Sympathetic nerves stimulate and quicken the heart, circulatory and respiratory systems but inhibit peristalsis (Fight or Flight) & Parasympathetic nerves stimulate the digestion and slow the heart, in turn reduces circulation and respiration. (Rest and Digest)

25
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A
  • Compact (dense) bone

* Spongy (cancellous) bone

26
Q

Name the fibrous membrane covering bones

A

Periosteum

27
Q

Name 7 functions of the skeleton

A
  • Support
  • Structure
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage of energy
28
Q

Where are the sinuses located and state their functions?

A

Sphenoid

  • Ethmoid
  • Maxillary
  • Frontal
  • Give resonance to voice and make the skill lighter
29
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone and briefly describe them?

A
  • Long (elongates shaft of compact bone with 2 extremities)
  • Short (small masses of cuboid shaped bone e.g. wrist)
  • Flat (2 layers of compact bone with thin spongy layer in between, providing protection and extensive areas of muscle attachment),
  • Irregular (Complex shapes such as vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid (located in tendons around certain joints such as patella)
30
Q

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

A
  • Ligaments - bone to bone

* Tendons - bones to muscle

31
Q

What are the 4 basic characteristics of muscle?

A

Contractility

  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
32
Q

Name the 6 different types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket

  • Hinge
  • Gliding
  • Pivot

Condyloid

*Saddle

33
Q

Name the 8 different types of movements provided by synovial joints

A
  • Flexion – move forwards
  • Extension – move backwards
  • Abduction – move away from midline
  • Adduction – move towards midline
  • Circumlocution – circular movement (shoulder)
  • Rotation - waist
  • Pronation – hands facing down
  • Supronatsion – hands facing up
  • Inversion – foot going into wards midline
  • Eversion – foot moving away from midline
34
Q

Describe the typical structure of a synovial joint

A
  • Articular/hyaline cartilage
  • Capsule/capsular ligament
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Other intracapsular structures
  • Extra-capsular structures
35
Q

Explain the Glasgow coma scale

A

GCS is used to identify level of consciousness and changes (eyes 4, verbal 5, motor 6) minimum score is 3 and maximum score is 15.

36
Q

PEARL

A

Pupils Equal And React to Light

37
Q

What is concussion?

A

Brain shaking due to trauma usually resulting in full recovery

38
Q

Name 4 signs and symptoms of concussion

A

Dizziness, nausea, amnesia (around time of injury or immediately after), headache, confusion, brief loss of consciousness, possible head wound

39
Q

SOCRATES

A

Site Onset Character Radiates Associated symptoms Time/duration Exacerbating or relieving factors Severity (0-3)

40
Q

Name the 3 layers of the skin

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis (sebaceous layer)
41
Q

What is the purpose of the sebaceous gland?

A

Secretes oil to keep hair moist

42
Q

Name 6 functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Regulate body temp (sweat & arrector pili muscles)
  • Formation of vitamin D
  • Cutaneous sensation (nerve endings)
  • Absorption
  • Excretion (oil and waste in for of sweat such as excess salt)
43
Q

What is primary healing in relation to skin?

A

Damaged tissue edges are closed following a 3 stage process; Inflammation, proliferation, maturation

44
Q

What is Secondary healing in relation to skin?

A

A large wound involving considerable tissue lost where wound edges are not and cannot be brought near each other, similar to primary healing this healing process follows 3 stages to repair wound; Inflammation, proliferation, maturation

45
Q

What is Fibrosis in relation to skin?

A

Fibrosis tissue is formed during healing, it begins as normal granulation tissue but continues beyond the needed amount

46
Q

Name 4 complications in relation to wound (skin) healing

A
  • Infection
  • Wound necrosis/death
  • Oedema (fluid retention around wound)
  • Dermatitis (skin condition)
47
Q

Identify 6 different common types of skin conditions and provide examples

A
  • Bacterial (cellulitis)
  • Viral (cold sores)
  • Fungal (Warts & verrucae)
  • Inflammatory (atopic eczema & dermatitis)
  • Pigmented (pigmented lesions)
  • Injury (blisters, sun burn, ingrown toe nail)
  • Acne
48
Q

When should you not aid recovery of a blister?

A

Less than 1cm and painless

49
Q

Identify 3 common tropical conditions

A
  • Botfly larva infection
  • Cutaneous larva migrans
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis
50
Q

Name the 5 types of burns

A

Epidermal burns

  • Superficial dermal burns
  • Partial thickness
  • Deep dermal burns
  • Full thickness burns
51
Q

What is the rule in relation to burns?

A

Rule of 9%

52
Q

What is another method for measuring area of a burn?

A

Palmar method (patients hand = 1% of total body area)

53
Q

Name 6 different types of wounds

A
  • Laceration
  • Puncture
  • Contusion (bruising)
  • Gunshot
  • Incision
  • Abrasion
54
Q

Give 4 signs and symptoms of an internal bleed

A

Haematoma

  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnoea
  • Hypotension
  • Cavities may become hard
  • Pain
55
Q

Describe differences between capillary, venous and arterial bleeding

A
  • Capillary = Dark red oozes from wound slowly and steadily
  • Venous = Darker that arterial and steady flow
  • Arterial = brighter red and spurts

mod 2 (6 decks)

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