mod 2 cardiovascular ch 41 Flashcards
afterload`
pressure ventricles must go against to open semilunar valves to pump blood to system and lungs
ejection fraction
amount of blood pumped out divided by amount of blood in the chamber
normal- 50-70% pumped out of chamber border - 40-49% --SOB during regular activities reduce- ,40% --S/S happen and even during rest ** results in heart failure
compression only cpr
call 911
aed
100-120 compressions, rotating compressors every 2 minutes
2’’ depth
familial hypercholesterolemia
makes liver unable to metabolize or rid body of LDL
cause- heart attacks, strokes, and narrow vessels
manage high cholesterol
4 lifestyle changes heart heathy diet- reduce sat fats - get moving - lose weight - quit smoking
genetics: FH - can’t control cholesterol with lifestyle changes only
cardiac output
stroke volume x HR
alteration - incr/decr HR
decr SV
compensatory
decr SV = incr HR
pulsus alternans
alternation of strong and weak beat without changing cycle length
indicates heart failure
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic numbers
normal: 1/3
peripheral vascular resistence
amount effort needed for heart to pump blood to periphery
blood pressure
normal - less than 120 and less than 80
elevated- 120-129 and less than 80
hypertension stage 1- 130-139 OR 80-89
hypertension stage 2- 140 or higher OR 90 or higher
hypertensive crisis- higher 180 and/or higher 120
hypertension S/S
none, silent killer
dizziness, fatigue, heart palpitation, nosebleeed, SOB, anger, red face, visual problems, fatigue, insomnia, sore knee, raised temp
HTN complications
CVD, CVA MI heart failure stoke PVD/PVA renal disease retinal disease
hypertensive crisis
emergency vs urgency
decrease perfusion to heart muscles
- med non-compliance, drug abuse, head injury, preeclampsia/eclampsia, pheochromocytoma, MAOI med with tyramine containing foods, acute aortic dissection
emergency- -dev hrs/days -BP 220/140 - TARGET ORGAN DISEASE (shows S/S) urgency - dev days/weeks -BP 180/110 - no target organ disease (no S/S)
antihypertensives
- calcium and beta blockers are 2 most important
calcium channel blockers
- amlodipine, verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem
beta-adrenergic blockers
- metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, , nadolol
hypotension
systolic below 90
causes- vasodilation, loss blood volume, heart failure
S/S:
skin: pallor (pale), clamminess
- decr brain perfusion (lighheadm dizzy, syncope, alerted LOC)
- blurred vision
- angina = decr heart muscle perfusion
- inc HR
- decr urine output
- nausea/vomitting
treat the cause
- vasodilation- incr resistence, vasoconstriction
- loss blood volume- IVF
- heart failure- inc contractility heart
hyperlipidemia
too many lipids (cholesterol & triglycerides) in blood
- liver makes cholesterol
- triglycerides- most COMMON FAT on body
hyperlipidemia diagnostic tests and numbers
cholesterol - < 200
LDL (bad) <130
HDL (good) >60
serum lipid profile
- start age 20 test q 4-6 yrs
- age 40, assess 1- yr risk
- must be fasting
reduce hyperlipidemia with diet
- reduce sat and trans fats
- incr complex carbs and fiber
- limit cholesterol, alcohol, sugar
- eat fatty fish weekly and Omega-3
VTE= DVT + PE
most common start in leg then dislodge to lungs
venous stasis- blood pooling
hypercoagulability- thick blood, dehydration, platelet disorder
-endothelial damage
VTE S/S
localized redness, tenderness, swelling
warmth, tehnderness, firmness calf
calf pain
*unilateral
**ultrasound only reliable tool to detect
diagnostics cardiovascular system
complete blood count
** hemoglobin (Hgb) & hematocrit (Hct)
fasting lipid panel
chest xray
ecg
complete blood count Hgb and Hct
Hgb
- men 14-18
- female 12-16
Hct
men 42-52
female- 37-47
5 P’s of cardiovascular system
Pain Pulse Pallor Paresthesia- can you feel this? Paralysis
