Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > MOD 1 Disease and Cellular Response > Flashcards

MOD 1 Disease and Cellular Response Flashcards

1
Q

How cells adapt in reaction to stimulus

A

change: size, number, and characteristics.
(usually reversed after stimulus has been withdrawn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of INTERNAL BALANCE or equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

INCREASED NUMBER of cells. Cell replication results in more cells in an organ or tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

INCREASED SIZE of cell due to increased workload (weight training to build muscle) or a pathological condition (cardiomyopathy = enlarged heart) most common in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atrophy

A

REDUCED SIZE of cell due to disuse, decreased blood flow, malnutrition, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metaplasia

A

REPLACEMENT of one cell type with another that can better endure the stress (usually doesn’t work as well as the original tissue). Caused by chronic inflammation or irritation, i.e. callous or scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell growth of specific tissue resulting in ABNORMAL SIZE SHAPE OR APPERANCE. often precedes cancerous changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell injury agents (causes)

A

physical agents, mechanical forces, temp extremes, radiation, electricity, chemical toxins, biological agents, nutritional imbalances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three main methods of cell injury

A

Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
impaired calcium function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Free radical injury

A

Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron pulls electrons from healthy cell molecules: cell damage, cancers, or other disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypoxic Cell injury

A

Cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/heart/kidneys are high consumers of O2. lack of O2 causes inflammatory response (heart attack, blood clots, lung disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Impaired calcium function

A

Ca++ is an important signaling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. Too much Ca inside the cell causes mitochondrial damage which leads to cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reversible Cell injury

A

causes impaired cell function but NOT death. body can repair itself back to homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death results (excess water,lipids, calcium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Injured/ stressed cells collect abnormal amounts of:

A

Water
lipids
calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Excess Water due to injured/ stressed cells caused by and causes

A

caused by: sodium build-up due to the breakdown of the sodium and potassium pump as sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water

causes: intracellular swelling. (usually due to hypoxic injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Excess calcium in the cell because of injure or stress to the cell is caused by and causes whay

A

caused by: cells Ca++ Mg++ pump breaking down

Causes: calcium to collect inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes which damages the cell internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Excess Lipids due to injured/ stressed cells causes what

A

Lipid collecting in the cell causes impairment of cell functions which leads to “fatty liver” fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling but can be reversed with dietary changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

permanent cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two types of cell death

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled cell death (implosion). Cell membrane maintains integrity which means cell contents are not released into the extracellular space so there is no inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Necrosis

A

Uncontrolled cell death (explosion). Cell membrane loses integrity meaning cell contents are released into extracellular space and triggers the inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Telomeres

A

Outermost tails of the chromosome arms that are shortened during each replication of a cell. When the telomere is too short to replicate the cell dies because it cannot reproduce itself anymore = replicative senescence AKA aging: cells don’t work as they used causing cellular aging
ALSO helps prevent cancer (limits amount of replications a cell can do)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of damaged caused by cellular aging and other factors

A

-Decrease in elasticity of blood vessels (atherosclerosis = hardening of the arteries) and high blood pressure
-Loss of bowl motility due to aging or medications (chronic constipation)
-loss of muscle mass due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. creating muscle weakness and problems with balance
-loss of subcutaneous fat due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. creating problems regulating temp, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inflammation

A

-body’s natural response to an injury, toxin, stress, or trauma
-necessary for proper tissue repair and recovery
-healthy unless it becomes chronic
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION can cause serious health issues that have a huge impact on the medical industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inflammation is an underlying process for

A

cardiovascular disease
stroke (neurological disease)
cancer
diabetes
autoimmune disease
alzheimers
lung (pulmonary) disease
arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Organs of the immune system

A

Bone Marrow: source of all blood components (red, white blood cells, and platelets)
Thymus gland: produces T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes/ tonsils/ spleen

25
Q

Cells of inflammation

A

Endothelial cells
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)

26
Q

Endothelial cell characteristics

A

line the blood vessels and produce chemicals that:
-vasodilate or vasoconstrict
-causes blood thinning/prevents clotting (to keep vein open)
- allows entrance/ exit into and out of the blood vessel (vessel wall permeability

27
Q

Platelets characteristics

A

-responsible for blood coagulation/clotting
-platelets release of over 300 potent inflammatory mediators

28
Q

leukocytes characteristics

A

they are major cellular component of the inflammatory response
-leukocytosis = higher than normal production of white blood cells
WBC are classified as either Granulocytes or agranulocytes

29
Q

SHARP (signs/ symptoms of inflammation)

A

Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain

30
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

31
Q

Granulocytes

A

GRANpa B.E.N
Neutrophils: (60% of wbc), heightened in acute bacterial infection (first responder, arrived before lymphocytes)
ACTIVATED within minutes last 5-10 days
Eosinophils: elevated in allergic reaction and parasite infections
Basophils: elevated in allergic reaction

32
Q

Agranulocytes

A

And Granma Loves Money
Lymphocytes: (30% of WBC) B & T cells heightened in viral and chronic infections
Monocytes: circulate in the bloodstream. When called into action they migrate into tissue to become macrophages (cells that eat foreign particles in a process called phagocytosis

33
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells

34
Q

Types of T cells

A

T memory cells
helper t cells
killer t cells
natural killer cells (NK cells)
suppressor T cells

35
Q

T memory cells

A

Remain in lymph nodes for many years after an infection. should the same pathogen enter the body again theses cells produce new clones of T cells to that a rapid response is possible

36
Q

Helper T cells

A

activate/ regulate t and b cells

37
Q

killer t cells

A

attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells. ingest antigens via phagocytosis

38
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. these are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different surface markers than killer T cells)

39
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection; prevents autoimmunity

40
Q

B cells characteristics

A

Back up response and Makes antiBodies - humoral immune response
-slower response time than t cells
-Produced from lymphocytes in the Bone marrow
-releases antibodies and assists activation of t cells
-it takes time to make antibodies in response to a specific antigen unless they were already made at a time of previous exposure to the same antigen

41
Q

Antigen

A

antibody generator: triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen, toxins, etc.)
-antigens reside on the SURFACE of cells they are identifiers. Each cell in our body has an antigen that tells the immune system that it is part of us and should not be eliminated
-each antigen is specific to each cell

42
Q

Tumor antigens used for what

A

Used clinically as markers to indicate the presence of progressive growth of cancer

43
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins, B-cell lymphocytes
-Each antigen has a specific complementary antibody
-When the antibody attaches to its complementary antigen, the cell the antigen is attached to can’t reproduce.

44
Q

Acute inflammatory response

A

Shown by neutrophils being present
expected to resolve itself in days or weeks
-end result: tissue is healed by being replaced with normal functioning cells

45
Q

Chronic inflammatory response

A

show by lymphocytes being present
-periods of exacerbations and remissions, things never get better. Weeks to months to years to lifetime
-end result: tissue is replaced with malfunctioning cells

46
Q

Local inflammatory response

A

Localized to one area
identified by SHARP
which is caused by chemical mediators

47
Q

Systemic inflammatory response

A

System-wide infection
heightened WBC, CRP, and Fever

48
Q

Chemical mediators cause what

A

Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines, and “kinins” cause:
-Vasodilation (heat and redness (erythema))
-capillary permeability
-blood flow to slow so clotting can happen
-WBCs to congregate to the area of damage (contributes to swelling)

49
Q

Local acute inflammation results in:

A

resolves completely with minimal scaring
heals with substantial scaring or fibrosis
progresses to chronic inflammation

50
Q

Systemic 3

A

Acute-phase proteins
-C-reactive protein (CRP) : can be a marker for myocardial infarction risk
Fever
-most common objective sign of systemic inflammation especially during the acute response phase
White Blood Cell response
-normal range is 5,000 - 10,000
-WBC with differential is a blood test that shows blood levels for all various leukocytes

51
Q

Chronic inflammation caused by:

A

recurrent and persistent infections
persistent exposure
obesity

52
Q

What does it mean when
Neutrophils are up
lymphocytes are up
eosinophils are up
if WBC is below normal

A

Neutrophils up = acute bacterial infection
lymphocytes up = chronic or viral bacterial infection
Eosinophils up = allergic reaction or parasitic infection
WBC down = overwhelming infection has exhausted the WBC supply or the bone marrow is not able to keep up production of WBCs

53
Q

SIRS (sepsis)

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
-Worst case scenario of systemic inflammation
-can result with or without infection
-can be caused by trauma, inflammation, or infection that leads to the activation of the inflammatory cascade

54
Q

Inflammatory cascade (SIRS)

A

massive generalized vasodilation (extremely low blood pressure)
Increased capillary permeability (fluid leaks from blood vessel into tissue)
Multiple organ failure (kidneys, heart, lungs do not receive enough blood)
Circulatory shock (not enough blood pressure to circulate blood through body)

55
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Fever
caused by bacterial or viral infections
The most common objective sign of systemic inflammation especially during the acute phase

56
Q

What chemically triggers a fever

A

Pyrogen
most common one being interleukin 1
fevers can also be caused by damage to the hypothalamus

57
Q

Fevers physiologically is what

A

changing the body’s temperature “set point”
causing chills because blood is leaving extremities and going to warm up the core (chills w/o an elevated temp can still indicate infection)

58
Q

Normal temp

A

97-99.5 F
clincally significant fever: 101 F or higher

59
Q

Normal temp Exceptions

A

Children can tolerate higher fever up to 104 F
Elderly could have an infection without an apparent fever
-lower core temp
-immune response is weaker with age (less released cytokine)

60
Q

Good things about fevers

A

enhance immune function
microbial agents can’t grow in elevated temp
can be an indicator of infection

61
Q

Standard test to determine cause of elevated temp

A

CBC (state of rbc and wbc and platelets)
Blood cultures (is there a pathogen in blood)
urinalysis (test urine for presence of infection
chest x-rays (check for pneumonia)
lumbar puncture ( check spinal fluid for presence of bacteria)

pathophysiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions