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pathophysiology > MOD 1 Disease and Cellular Response > Flashcards

MOD 1 Disease and Cellular Response Flashcards

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1
Q

How cells adapt in reaction to stimulus

A

change: size, number, and characteristics.
(usually reversed after stimulus has been withdrawn)

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of INTERNAL BALANCE or equilibrium

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

INCREASED NUMBER of cells. Cell replication results in more cells in an organ or tissue

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

INCREASED SIZE of cell due to increased workload (weight training to build muscle) or a pathological condition (cardiomyopathy = enlarged heart) most common in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

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5
Q

Atrophy

A

REDUCED SIZE of cell due to disuse, decreased blood flow, malnutrition, etc.

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

REPLACEMENT of one cell type with another that can better endure the stress (usually doesn’t work as well as the original tissue). Caused by chronic inflammation or irritation, i.e. callous or scar tissue

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7
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell growth of specific tissue resulting in ABNORMAL SIZE SHAPE OR APPERANCE. often precedes cancerous changes.

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8
Q

Cell injury agents (causes)

A

physical agents, mechanical forces, temp extremes, radiation, electricity, chemical toxins, biological agents, nutritional imbalances.

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9
Q

Three main methods of cell injury

A

Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
impaired calcium function

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10
Q

Free radical injury

A

Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron pulls electrons from healthy cell molecules: cell damage, cancers, or other disease

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11
Q

Hypoxic Cell injury

A

Cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/heart/kidneys are high consumers of O2. lack of O2 causes inflammatory response (heart attack, blood clots, lung disease)

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12
Q

Impaired calcium function

A

Ca++ is an important signaling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. Too much Ca inside the cell causes mitochondrial damage which leads to cell death

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13
Q

Reversible Cell injury

A

causes impaired cell function but NOT death. body can repair itself back to homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death results (excess water,lipids, calcium)

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14
Q

Injured/ stressed cells collect abnormal amounts of:

A

Water
lipids
calcium

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15
Q

Excess Water due to injured/ stressed cells caused by and causes

A

caused by: sodium build-up due to the breakdown of the sodium and potassium pump as sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water

causes: intracellular swelling. (usually due to hypoxic injury)

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16
Q

Excess calcium in the cell because of injure or stress to the cell is caused by and causes whay

A

caused by: cells Ca++ Mg++ pump breaking down

Causes: calcium to collect inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes which damages the cell internally

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16
Q

Excess Lipids due to injured/ stressed cells causes what

A

Lipid collecting in the cell causes impairment of cell functions which leads to “fatty liver” fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling but can be reversed with dietary changes

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17
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

permanent cell death

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17
Q

Two types of cell death

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis

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18
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled cell death (implosion). Cell membrane maintains integrity which means cell contents are not released into the extracellular space so there is no inflammatory response

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19
Q

Necrosis

A

Uncontrolled cell death (explosion). Cell membrane loses integrity meaning cell contents are released into extracellular space and triggers the inflammatory response

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20
Q

Telomeres

A

Outermost tails of the chromosome arms that are shortened during each replication of a cell. When the telomere is too short to replicate the cell dies because it cannot reproduce itself anymore = replicative senescence AKA aging: cells don’t work as they used causing cellular aging
ALSO helps prevent cancer (limits amount of replications a cell can do)

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21
Q

Examples of damaged caused by cellular aging and other factors

A

-Decrease in elasticity of blood vessels (atherosclerosis = hardening of the arteries) and high blood pressure
-Loss of bowl motility due to aging or medications (chronic constipation)
-loss of muscle mass due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. creating muscle weakness and problems with balance
-loss of subcutaneous fat due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. creating problems regulating temp, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound

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22
Q

Inflammation

A

-body’s natural response to an injury, toxin, stress, or trauma
-necessary for proper tissue repair and recovery
-healthy unless it becomes chronic
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION can cause serious health issues that have a huge impact on the medical industry

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23
Inflammation is an underlying process for
cardiovascular disease stroke (neurological disease) cancer diabetes autoimmune disease alzheimers lung (pulmonary) disease arthritis
24
Organs of the immune system
Bone Marrow: source of all blood components (red, white blood cells, and platelets) Thymus gland: produces T-cells from lymphocytes Lymph nodes/ tonsils/ spleen
25
Cells of inflammation
Endothelial cells Platelets (thrombocytes) Leukocytes (white blood cells)
26
Endothelial cell characteristics
line the blood vessels and produce chemicals that: -vasodilate or vasoconstrict -causes blood thinning/prevents clotting (to keep vein open) - allows entrance/ exit into and out of the blood vessel (vessel wall permeability
27
Platelets characteristics
-responsible for blood coagulation/clotting -platelets release of over 300 potent inflammatory mediators
28
leukocytes characteristics
they are major cellular component of the inflammatory response -leukocytosis = higher than normal production of white blood cells WBC are classified as either Granulocytes or agranulocytes
29
SHARP (signs/ symptoms of inflammation)
Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain
30
Types of leukocytes
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
31
Granulocytes
GRANpa B.E.N Neutrophils: (60% of wbc), heightened in acute bacterial infection (first responder, arrived before lymphocytes) ACTIVATED within minutes last 5-10 days Eosinophils: elevated in allergic reaction and parasite infections Basophils: elevated in allergic reaction
32
Agranulocytes
And Granma Loves Money Lymphocytes: (30% of WBC) B & T cells heightened in viral and chronic infections Monocytes: circulate in the bloodstream. When called into action they migrate into tissue to become macrophages (cells that eat foreign particles in a process called phagocytosis
33
Types of Lymphocytes
T cells B cells
34
Types of T cells
T memory cells helper t cells killer t cells natural killer cells (NK cells) suppressor T cells
35
T memory cells
Remain in lymph nodes for many years after an infection. should the same pathogen enter the body again theses cells produce new clones of T cells to that a rapid response is possible
36
Helper T cells
activate/ regulate t and b cells
37
killer t cells
attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells. ingest antigens via phagocytosis
38
natural killer cells (NK cells)
Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. these are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different surface markers than killer T cells)
39
Suppressor T cells
Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection; prevents autoimmunity
40
B cells characteristics
Back up response and Makes antiBodies - humoral immune response -slower response time than t cells -Produced from lymphocytes in the Bone marrow -releases antibodies and assists activation of t cells -it takes time to make antibodies in response to a specific antigen unless they were already made at a time of previous exposure to the same antigen
41
Antigen
antibody generator: triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen, toxins, etc.) -antigens reside on the SURFACE of cells they are identifiers. Each cell in our body has an antigen that tells the immune system that it is part of us and should not be eliminated -each antigen is specific to each cell
42
Tumor antigens used for what
Used clinically as markers to indicate the presence of progressive growth of cancer
43
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins, B-cell lymphocytes -Each antigen has a specific complementary antibody -When the antibody attaches to its complementary antigen, the cell the antigen is attached to can't reproduce.
44
Acute inflammatory response
Shown by neutrophils being present expected to resolve itself in days or weeks -end result: tissue is healed by being replaced with normal functioning cells
45
Chronic inflammatory response
show by lymphocytes being present -periods of exacerbations and remissions, things never get better. Weeks to months to years to lifetime -end result: tissue is replaced with malfunctioning cells
46
Local inflammatory response
Localized to one area identified by SHARP which is caused by chemical mediators
47
Systemic inflammatory response
System-wide infection heightened WBC, CRP, and Fever
48
Chemical mediators cause what
Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines, and "kinins" cause: -Vasodilation (heat and redness (erythema)) -capillary permeability -blood flow to slow so clotting can happen -WBCs to congregate to the area of damage (contributes to swelling)
49
Local acute inflammation results in:
resolves completely with minimal scaring heals with substantial scaring or fibrosis progresses to chronic inflammation
50
Systemic 3
Acute-phase proteins -C-reactive protein (CRP) : can be a marker for myocardial infarction risk Fever -most common objective sign of systemic inflammation especially during the acute response phase White Blood Cell response -normal range is 5,000 - 10,000 -WBC with differential is a blood test that shows blood levels for all various leukocytes
51
Chronic inflammation caused by:
recurrent and persistent infections persistent exposure obesity
52
What does it mean when Neutrophils are up lymphocytes are up eosinophils are up if WBC is below normal
Neutrophils up = acute bacterial infection lymphocytes up = chronic or viral bacterial infection Eosinophils up = allergic reaction or parasitic infection WBC down = overwhelming infection has exhausted the WBC supply or the bone marrow is not able to keep up production of WBCs
53
SIRS (sepsis)
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome -Worst case scenario of systemic inflammation -can result with or without infection -can be caused by trauma, inflammation, or infection that leads to the activation of the inflammatory cascade
54
Inflammatory cascade (SIRS)
massive generalized vasodilation (extremely low blood pressure) Increased capillary permeability (fluid leaks from blood vessel into tissue) Multiple organ failure (kidneys, heart, lungs do not receive enough blood) Circulatory shock (not enough blood pressure to circulate blood through body)
55
Hyperthermia
Fever caused by bacterial or viral infections The most common objective sign of systemic inflammation especially during the acute phase
56
What chemically triggers a fever
Pyrogen most common one being interleukin 1 fevers can also be caused by damage to the hypothalamus
57
Fevers physiologically is what
changing the body's temperature "set point" causing chills because blood is leaving extremities and going to warm up the core (chills w/o an elevated temp can still indicate infection)
58
Normal temp
97-99.5 F clincally significant fever: 101 F or higher
59
Normal temp Exceptions
Children can tolerate higher fever up to 104 F Elderly could have an infection without an apparent fever -lower core temp -immune response is weaker with age (less released cytokine)
60
Good things about fevers
enhance immune function microbial agents can't grow in elevated temp can be an indicator of infection
61
Standard test to determine cause of elevated temp
CBC (state of rbc and wbc and platelets) Blood cultures (is there a pathogen in blood) urinalysis (test urine for presence of infection chest x-rays (check for pneumonia) lumbar puncture ( check spinal fluid for presence of bacteria)

pathophysiology (14 decks)

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