Exam 1 study checklist main points Flashcards
Actions of Chemical Mediators
-Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines
a. Causing MORE vasodilation
b. Causing capillary permeability (“leaky capillary syndrome”) (contributes to swelling).
c. Causing blood flow to slow down so clotting can begin
d. Chemical mediators signal WBCs to congregate in the area of damage (contributes to
swelling).
Atrophy
REDUCED SIZE of cell due to disuse, decreased blood flow, malnutrition, etc.
Dysplasia
Abnormal cell growth of specific tissue resulting in abnormal SIZE, SHAPE, or APPEARANCE. Often precedes cancerous changes.
*NOTE: Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy often often precedes cancerous changes
Hypertrophy
INCREASED SIZE of cell due to increased workload (weight training to build muscle) or a pathological condition (cardiomyopathy = enlarged heart). Most common in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue
Metaplasia
REPLACEMENT of one cell type with another that can better endure the stress (but usually
doesn’t work as well as the original tissue). Caused by chronic inflammation or irritation, i.e., a callous or scar tissue.
Endothelial cells produce chemicals that
a. vasodilates or vasoconstrict
b. cause blood thinning/prevent clotting (to keep vein open)
c. allows entrance/exit into and out of the blood vessel (vessel wall permeability)
d. control inflammatory response chemical mediators
Fever/chills
HYPERTHERMIA the most common objective sign of systemic inflammation, especially during the acute response phase.
chills do not indicate getting better
Reversible cell injuries
Water: Na K pump breaks, sodium builds up, water follows, intracellular swelling.
Lipids: Lipid collects, impairs cell functions, FATTY LIVER, MOR OMINOUS SIGN, can be reverse with dietary changes
Calcium: Ca Mg pump breaks, Ca builds up, inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes
Irreversible cell injurys
Apoptosis: controlled cell death
Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death (explosion, causes inflammatory response)
Telomeres
Outermost tails of the chromosome arms that are shortened during each replication of a cell. When the telomere is too short to replicate, the cell dies because it cannot reproduce itself any more = “Replicative Senescence.”
WBC lab value range
5,000 - 10,000
Acute vs Chronic
Acute: short period of time, heals itslef, doesn’t come back: neutrophils
Chronic: last for many weeks or years, permanent damage recurrent and persistent exacerbations and remissions: lymphocytes
Local vs Systemic
Local: one area, SHARP
Systemic: body wide, system wide, heightened CRP, Fever, Heightened WBC
cellular aging:
- Decrease in elasticity of blood vessels→atherosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”] and high blood pressure
- Loss of bowel motility due to aging or medications→Chronic constipation
- Loss of muscle mass due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc.→muscle weakness, problems with balance
- Loss of subcutaneous fat due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc.→problems regulating
temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
Benign
-Well differentiated
-stays together
-expands and pushes surrounding tissue
-encapsulated
-generally slow
-does not metastasize
-movable
Malignant
-poorly differentiated
-breaks apart
-infiltrates into tissue
-usually rapid
-eventually metastasizes
-fixed
Blood Dyscrasias
Blood component disorders. Can be caused by the primary tumor but is usually caused by bone marrow damage from various cancer treatments.
Types of blood dyscrasias
Anemia: Low RBC: fatigue and low O2
Leukopenia: Low WBC: prone to infections
Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count: bleeding disorders
Leukocytosis: High WBC: common indicator of infections
Fetal alcohol syndrome effects and causes
Effects:
#1 cause of mental retardation in children
Irreversible defects
developmental delays
physical defects
seizures- withdrawal
behavioral problems
intellectual impairment
brain malformation
Causes:
one drink = 10 for baby
no safe amount to drink during pregnancy
Healing intentions
Primary: Wound margins are brought together by any means, low infection risk ex. incisions, cuts, and puncture wounds
secondary: Missing tissue requires margins to contract, and then fills-in, resulting in a large scar. Cannot be sutured closed because too much tissue is missing. High infection potential. ex. bike crash, and pressure ulcers.
tertiary: Wound margins either separate after
being closed (surgery incision dehisces) or are intentionally
left open (to allow infection to drain out of the wound), then
brought together (and closed with stitches) after granulation
tissue appears ex. dog bites, and wound dehiscence
Metastasis by circulation
(through blood and/or lymph) – a secondary tumor develops in a site distant from the primary tumor.
metastasis by direct contact/ extension
tumor cells spreads to tissues adjacent to the primary tumor by sending out projections (tentacles) into the surrounding tissue or growing pseudopodia to “walk” to the nearest cells.
Metastasis by seeding
tumor cells slough off from primary tumor and develop into more tumors.
Example #1 – during surgery to remove a tumor, some tumor cells remain in the tissue after the main tumor is removed and provide the “seed” for more tumor cells to grow. Example #2: Tumors erode and shed cells into body cavities.
Sentinel node
is the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. Once the sentinel node is identified, it is examined to determine the presence or absence of cancer cells which indicates how far the cancer has spread.
