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MOCKS Flashcards

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1
Q

3 features of cardiac muscle (keeps heart pumping + blood circulating around body)

A

MYOGENIC - can contract and relax without input from nervous system or hormones

doesn’t fatigue

thick + muscular walls

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2
Q

what do the coronary arteries do?

A

supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

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3
Q

why are the walls of the atria elastic and thinner than those of ventricles?

A

elastic - to stretch as filled with blood

thinner muscle - only pumping blood to ventricles

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4
Q

why is the right ventricle thinner and less muscular?

A

pumping blood to lungs not whole body

lower pressure - prevent damage to capillaries in lungs

slower blood flow = time for gas exchange

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5
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do?

A

OXYGENATED blood from LUNGS to HEART

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6
Q

what is the vena cava?

A

vein

deoxygenated blood from BODY to HEART

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7
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do?

A

DEOXYGENATED blood from RIGHT VENTRICLE to LUNGS

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8
Q

what is the aorta?

A

artery

OXYGENATED blood from LEFT VENTRICLE to BODY

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9
Q

where are the semi-lunar valves located?

A

in the aorta and pulmonary artery (ARTERIES)

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10
Q

where are the atrio-ventricular valves located?

A

between atria and ventricles

BICUSPID - LEFT

TRICUSPID - RIGHT

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11
Q

what causes a valve to open?

A

when the pressure is higher behind the valve

eg - open when higher pressure in atria to allow blood to flow into ventricles

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12
Q

what is the septum in the heart?

A

separates the LHS and the RHS

oxygenated and deoxygenated

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13
Q

what is diastole?

A

RELAXING

atria + ventricular muscles relax

blood enters atria

increases pressure in atria

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14
Q

what is atrial systole?

A

atria muscular walls contract - increases pressure

higher pressure in atria so atrioventricular valve opens

blood flows into ventricles which are currently relaxed

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15
Q

what is ventricular systole?

A

ventricular muscle walls contract

increases pressure in ventricles until higher than in atria

atrioventricular valves close

semi lunar valves open

blood leaves the heart through the arteries

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16
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

fluid containing

water
glucose
amino acids 
fatty acids
ions
oxygen
  • bathes the tissues
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17
Q

briefly outline the formation of tissue fluid + its re-absorption

A

high hydrostatic pressure at arterial end of capillary
leads to ULTRAFILTRATION - water, glucose, amino acids, ions etc forced out through gaps in capillary wall
larger molecules and some water stay in capillary
this lowers wp of the venule end
lower hydrostatic pressure at venule end
water re-enters capillary via osmosis down wp gradient
eventually an equilibrium will be reached
rest of TF absorbed into LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
drains back into the bloodstream near the heart

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18
Q

what is the Bohr Effect?

A

when there is a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide

the oxyhaemoglobin curve shifts to the right

the affinity for oxygen is decreased and the oxygen dissociates more readily

because the acidic CO2 changes the shape of the haemoglobin slightly

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19
Q

what is in the thylakoids in the chrloroplasts?

A

photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll

20
Q

how are chloroplats adapted to harvest sunlight and carry out photosynthesis?

A

granal membranes - LARGE SA - attachment of chlorophyll

fluid of stroma - enzymes needed to make sugars

contain dna + ribosomes ——- make own proteins

21
Q

function of golgi apparatus?

A

add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins

transport, modify, store LIPIDS

form lysosomes

22
Q

function of chlolesterol in membrane

A

reduce lateral movement of other molecules

make membranes less fluid at high temperatures

prevent leakage of water from cell

23
Q

why is the cell surface membrane referred to as the fluid mosaic model?

A

FLUID - phospholipid molecules can move relative to eachother - flexibility

MOSAIC - proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer vary in shape and size

24
Q

outline co-transport of glucose

A

Na+ ions actively transported. epithelial —->blood

higher conc of Na+ ions in lumen of intestine

Na+ ions diffuse into epithelium cells down diff. gradient with a co-transport protein

carry either AA or glucose molecule with them

AA/glucose pass into blood plasma by FACILITATED DIFFUSION

25
Q

briefly outline replication of HIV

A

protein on HIV binds to CD4 on Th cells

protein capsid fuses with Th cell membrane

RNA + enzymes of HIV enter Th cell

HIV reverse transcriptase converts virus’s RNA to DNA

insterted into Th cell DNA

creates mRNA to make HIV proteins

26
Q

why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases?

A

viruses rely on host cells to carry out their metabolic activities + lack their own metabolic pathways and cell structures

so, no metabolic pathways or cell structures for antibiotics to disrupt

viruses within an organism’s own cell - antibiotics can’t reach them

27
Q

what is phylogenetic classification?

A

based on evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors

classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors

arranges the groups into a hierarchy

28
Q

what is a hierarchy?

A

groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap.

29
Q

what is artificial classification?

A

divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time

30
Q

what are analagous characteristics?

A

same function BUT NOT SAME EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS

31
Q

define species diversity

A

number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within a community

32
Q

define genetic diversity

A

variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up the population of a species

33
Q

define species richness

A

number of different species in a particular area at a given time

34
Q

five examples of conservation techniques

A 
maintain hedgerows - A shape
plant hedges as field boundaries
use organic fertilisers
use crop rotation 
leave cutting verges til seeds have been dispersed
35
Q

4 ways of investigating diversity

A

comparison of observable characteristics
comparison of DNA base sequences
comparison of the base sequence of mRNA
comparison of amino acid sequence in proteins

36
Q

how do non-competitive inhibitors work?

A

attach themself to enzyme at pace other than active site
alters the shape of the enzyme
active site changes so that substrate can no longer bind to it

increase in substrate concentration has no effect as they are not competing for the same site

37
Q

main limitations of TEM

A

whole system must be in a vacuum
sample must be very thin
complex staining process
image may contain artefacts

38
Q

briefly outline directional selection

A

selection may favour individuals that vary in one direction from the mean of the population

changes the characteristics of a population

39
Q

what is stabilising selection?

A

selection favouring average individuals

preserves the characteristics of a population

40
Q

outline how directional selection may occur

A

environmental conditions change
the phenotypes best suited to new environment more likely to survive and reproduce
some individuals which fall to left or right of the mean are more likely to reproduce
over time the mean will move in the direction of these individuals

41
Q

example of direction selection

bacteria and penicillin

A

mutation - protein which can break down penicillin
bacterium then in A SITUATION WHERE PENICILLIN WAS BEING USED TO TREAT AN INDIVIDUAL
IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES mutation gave bacterium an advantage
bacterium which survives divides by binary fission

42
Q

how is water lost from mesophyll cells?

A

evaporation from their cell walls to the air spaces of the leaf

43
Q

how is a water potential gradient established which can pull water from the xylem —> leaf mesophyll —> atmosphere?

A

mesophyll cells lose water to air spaces by evaporation - suns heat

cells now have a lower water potential - water enters by osmosis from neighbouring cells

loss of water from neighbouring cells lowers their water potential

they, in turn take in water from neighbouring cells

44
Q

how does water move up the stem in the xylem?

cohesion-tension

A
  • water evaporates from mesophyll cells - TRANSPIRATION
  • water molecules form H bonds with each other + stick together
  • water forms CONTINUOUS, UNBROKEN COLUMN across mesophyll
    and down xylem
  • as water evaporates from mesophyll into air spaces beneath stomata
  • more molecules drawn up behind due to cohesion
    = transpiration pull
  • puts xylem UNDER PRESSURE —-> negative pressure in xylem
45
Q

what are the sieve tube elements?

A

cells which make up phloem vessels

living cells
no nucleus
cellulose wall

46
Q

what are companion cells

A

connected to sieve tube elements via PLASMODESMATA

47
Q

what are sieve plates?

A

either end of sieve tube elements

allow sugars to be transported through phloem

biology (11 decks)

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