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biology > mock revision 9-14 > Flashcards

mock revision 9-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

circularitory system consists of:

A

a pump (heart), blood vessels (to carry around blood), valves (to make sure blood flow is only one way)

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2
Q

the heart:

A

Atrium (top), ventricle (bottom) and left and right
Left walls are thicker since pumps all around body, right pumps to lungs.

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3
Q

process of blood flow in heart

A

Blood flows into the atria from veins

The atria contracts, pushing blood into ventricles, the fall in pressure in atria causes the atrioventricular (ventricle to atria) valve to close

Ventricle contracts, pushing blood into the arteries. The fall in pressure causes semilunar (atria to ventricle) vale to close

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4
Q

Arteries:

A

Carry blood away from heart, oxygenated

Thick outer wall, small lumen, smooth lining, thick muscle layer

Don’t have valves due to the pressure ensures the movement

The arteries divide a turn into capillaries, then into veins

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Wall made from layer of single cells, very small lumen

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6
Q

Veins

A

Thin outer wall, large lumen, smooth lining, thin muscle layer

Have valves to ensure blood flow

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7
Q

Blood contains:

A

Plasma- has blood cells, ions, hormones and co2

Platies- form blood clots, have cell fragments

Red blood cells- contain haemoglobin (no nucleus, can fit into capillaries, large sa for o2 to diffuse, biconcave disk) which have o2

White blood cells- produce antibodies/ contain DNA or other gene

Phagocytes: weird shape, ingest bad particles

Lymphocytes- round nucleus produce antibodies

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8
Q

Blood clotting

A

fibrinogen (found in blood plasma)- fibrin (forms scab) + red blood cells+ white blood cells and platelets (temporary plug form blood clots+ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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9
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing organism (bacteria, fungi, Protoctista). In host reproduces rapidly, them or their waste products damage cells and organs.

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10
Q

Antigen

A

found on pathogens, a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. Have binding sites to antibodies

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11
Q

First line of defence against pathogens

A

nose hairs, mucus, skin, stomach acid

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12
Q

2nd line of defence

A

white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf pathogens, antigens trigger to produce antibodies which mark cells for destruction (produced by lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell). Memory t cells remain in blood and remember what antibodies was needed for specific issues (immunity)

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13
Q

getting a vaccine, then getting the pathogen again:

A

Injection of vaccine
Primary response- lymphocytes produce antibodies
Injected antigen is destroyed by antibodies
Memory cells are produced

If they get the pathogen again:
Secondary response, memory cells recognise and produce antibodies quickly
Pathogen is destroyed

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14
Q

Types of immunity:

A

Naturally
Active: pathogen enters body, body induces antibodies and memory cells
Passive(memory cells not produced) : passed from mum to baby via milk or placenta

Artificial
Active: vaccines, body produces antibodies
Passive (memory cells not poduced): preformed antibodies in immune system, introduces via injection, for sick people

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15
Q

Chorea (bacteria) causes

A

watery diarrhoea, dehydration, caused from vibrio cholerae in contaminated h20.

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16
Q

if you get chlorea

A

It can pass through stomach and bacteria produces the chorea toxin in small intestines

Causes intestinal cells to produce chloride ions to lumen

Causes osmatic movement of water to lumen (internal space)

Body can’t absorb anything, loss of ions and dehydration.

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17
Q

Air goes

A

nose/mouth- larynx- trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli

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18
Q

Cillia cells

A

have tiny hairs which move them up trachea to be coffed up, sneezed out or swallowed to stomach (which kills them)

19
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce mucus which catches pathogens to protect lungs. This protects the respiratory system.

20
Q

Respiration

A

chemical reaction in a cell which breaks down nutrients and releases energy for metabolism. It releases energy to keep constant body temperature. Aerobic respiration needs energy, it is a chemical reaction in cells, use energy to break down nutrient molecules to release energy (happens in mitochondria)

21
Q

Metabolism

A

is the sum of all chemical reactions that happen in cells in body, controlled by enzymes, made in mitochondria.

22
Q

anabolic reaction and catabolic reaction

A

builds, breaks

23
Q

Lactic acid is bad you can avoid it by:

A

mantaining a high heart rate after exercise so lactic acid can move to liver, maintain deep/fast breathing to provide o2 to liver to break down lactic acid into co2 and water. The oxygen debt is o2 needed to break down lactic acid.

24
Q

anaerobic reaction in humans

A

Glucose= lactic acid+ energy

25
Q

anaerobic reaction in yeast

A

C6H12O6= 2C2H5OH+ 2CO2 (glucose= ethanol+ co2)

26
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys: excrete urea (excess h2o and ions)

Ureter: carries urine to bladder

Bladder: stores urine

Urethra: carries urine out

27
Q

Liver takes up

A

amino acids for cellar use, breaks down excess into urea and removes ammonia

Hepatic portal vein carries amino acids from ileum to liver. Excess amino acids are deaminated to form carbohydrates and urea

28
Q

The kidneys:

A

Cortex: outer part where blood is filtered, and selective reabsorption happens

Médula: inner part, selective reabsorption, fluid collected to form urine

Nephron: filters blood, separating waste and returning substances needed in blood, each kidney has 1 millions of these, takes out amino acids, glucose, salt and urea

Glomerulus- network of capillaries, blood filters here, h2o glucose urea and ions leave capillaries and enter the tubule and protines are here but are too big so stay

Loop of Henel: reabsorb amino acids, glucose and salt

Then all left enters collecting duct

Tubule: glucose and h2o and some ions are reabsorbed back to blood, not urea

Renal vein: carries clean blood away

Renal artery: carries dirty blood to kidney

29
Q

Blood processing:

A

Filtration- arteries transport blood to kidneys, urea, water, salts, glucose are filtered (protines are too big and go to liver)

Reabsorption- substances needed are removed from filtrate and renter blood via diffusion and active transport.

Secretion- kidneys remove certain substances from blood and adds then to transport

Excretion urine has been formed

30
Q

The hypothalamus tells pituaruty gland to (low h2o)

A

release hormone adh when water levels are too low which gets released in blood. Water in nephrons respond and go away and back into blood.

31
Q

Light goes from:

A

cornea- pupil- Lense- optic nerve

32
Q

The Lense shape is controlled by the

A

ciliary muscles which are attached to the Lense by suspensory ligaments. They contract and relax to change the Lense shape, called accommodation.

33
Q

with high light intensity

A

radial relax
circular (pulls on pupil) contracts
pupil decreases

34
Q

with low light intensity

A

radial contracts
circular (pulls on pupil) relax
pupil increases

35
Q

Near objects:

A

Light enters eye in diverging

To focus light to retina: ciliary muscles contract, tension in suspensory ligaments decreases, Lense thickens

Light is refracted strongly, convex- more curved

Long sited (can’t see close)- light focuses beyond fove

36
Q

Distant objects:

A

light enters eye in parallel lines

To focus light to retina: ciliary muscles relax, tension in suspensory ligaments increases, Lense thins

Light is refracted less strongly

Short sighter (can’t see far)- light refracts too much

37
Q

Adrenal glands-

A

release adrenaline, 2 found above kidneys, causes chemical control of metabolic activity, fight of fligh

Pupils increase in size, dilate to see more.

Causes liver to release glucose to blood for muscles

Heart rate increases- more glucose and o2 to muscles

Pulse rate increases- more gas exchange in muscles

Lungs- breathing increases to supply o2 to blood and remove co2

Liver- increases blood glucose level from the breakdown of glycogen stored in liver and muscles

Capillaries in skin and stomach contract

38
Q

Pancreas

A
  • release insulin and glucagon, keeps blood glucose levels at a safe range
39
Q

Nervous system

A

Neurones

Info transmitted through electrical impulses, which travel along nerves

Travel quickly

Short affect

40
Q

endocrine system- affect target organs

A

Secretory cells

Info transmitted by hormones, travel by being dissolved in blood plasma

Travel slowly

Long affect

41
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant body temperature, a constant concentration of glucose in blood, and constant water levels. Aka. Keeps conditions in body constant.

42
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • temperature too hot

These arterioles widen- lets in more blood flow near surface of skin in capillaries

Increases rate of energy transfer in heat loss (can be seen in a red face)

43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • temperature too cold

Arterioles contract- reduces blood flow through the capillaries

Blood flows through deeper vessels instead and energy goes to surroundings, pale skin (blood directed to organs), hairs stand up

44
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, glucose from food can’t enter cells and isn’t turned into glucagon, too much glucose in blood.

Frequent urination to try to remove glucose

Increased thirst to dilute concentration

Can cause eye, kidney, heart and nerve damage

Can lead to blindness, amputations, kidney failure, heart attack, strokes

Treatment includes remaining a constant glucose blood concentration

biology (7 decks)

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