Mock Exam - 3 - BRAIN Website Flashcards
Percentiles are __________ transformations of raw z-scores, t-scores, and IQ scores.
a) Non-linear
b) Linear
c) Absolute
d) Sampled
a) Non-linear
Percentiles are non-linear transformations unlike the other choices. That is, the amount of raw score difference between 55%-60% does not necessarily represent the same amount of raw score difference as between 94%-99%.
In the Circle of Willis, the anterior communicating artery bridges:
a) The anterior cerebral artery to the middle cerebral artery
b) The left anterior cerebral artery to the right anterior cerebral artery
c) The basilar artery to the anterior cerebral artery
d) The carotid artery to the anterior cerebral artery
b) The left anterior cerebral artery to the right anterior cerebral artery
In comparing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients to Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) patients during the mild dementia period, typically:
a) AD patients do better on confrontation naming tests
b) AD patients have day-to-day fluctuations in cognition but DLB patients do not
c) AD patients exhibit parkinsonism while DLB patients do not
d) depression and hallucinations are more common in DLB patients while delusions are more common in AD patients
d) depression and hallucinations are more common in DLB patients while delusions are more common in AD patients
One of the key early features distinguishing Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) from Parkinson’s Dementia is the visual hallucinations seen in DLB. Alzheimer’s patients typically have delusions rather than actual hallucinations, but may develop hallucinations as the disease progresses.
According to Posner & Peterson’s model of attention; the posterior attention system is responsible for _______________ whereas the anterior attention system is associated with ____________________:
a) Signal detection / orienting and awareness of environment
b) Disengagement of attention / shifting of attention
c) Orienting and awareness of environment / signal detection
d) Shifting of attention / disengagement of attention
c) Orienting and awareness of environment / signal detection
p. 858 – Blumenfeld
The most common neurologic manifestation of HIV is:
a) multifocal leukoencephalopathy characterized by loss of strength in a limb
b) toxoplasmosis-related seizures, altered mentation and aseptic meningitis
c) emotional lability and delirium associated with HIV-associated dementia
d) all of the above
c) emotional lability and delirium associated with HIV-associated dementia
A 32-year-old patient who does significantly worse on neuropsychological testing than he is capable of because he wants sympathy for his difficulties following a TBI is:
a) Showing a positive response bias
b) Malingering
c) Experiencing a Major Depressive Episode
d) Exhibiting a Factitious disorder
d) Exhibiting a Factitious disorder
This question concerns effort on testing. Malingering is intentional and motivated by an external reward. He is demonstrating a negative response bias but not a positive one. While he could be depressed, there is no evidence either way. Factitious disorder is behavior motivated by an intrinsic reward such as assuming the sick role.
Which is false?
a) The Standard Error of Measurement is inversely related to the reliability of the test
b) There is a single Standard Error of Measurement for a test score, regardless of the level of performance.
c) The standard deviation of the sample must be known to calculate the Standard Error of Measurement
d) Confidence intervals based on the Standard Error of Measurement assume error distributions are normally distributed and homoscedastic.
b) There is a single Standard Error of Measurement for a test score, regardless of the level of performance.
Which of the following is considered the classic indication of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
a) Headache worse in the evening
b) Cushing’s Triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations)
c) Diplopia, attentional problems
d) Dementia/mental decline, gait difficulties, urinary incontinence
d) Dementia/mental decline, gait difficulties, urinary incontinence
While answer B is indicative of increased intracranial pressure, D is the classic signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Answer C could also be increased intracranial pressure but answer A would not indicate increased intracranial pressure, a headache in the morning would.
The amygdale have been consistently identified as playing a crucial role in:
a) The perception of emotional cues
b) The production of emotional responses
c) Neither A nor B
d) A & B
d) A & B
Which of the following differentiates diencephalic amnesia from bilateral temporal lobe amnesia?
a) Rate of forgetting
b) Pattern of retrograde amnesia
c) Autobiographic memory
d) Temporal ordering impairment
d) Temporal ordering impairment
The striatum receives most of its blood supply from the?
a) Superior cerebellar artery
b) Middle cerebral artery
c) Lenticulostriate arteries
d) Both b and c
d) Both b and c
Statistical significance is:
a) The likelihood that the dependent variable caused the effect in the independent variable due to non-chance differences
b) The practical value or importance of the effect or intervention
c) The extent to which an investigation can detect a difference when a difference exists
d) A direct function of sample size
d) A direct function of sample size
Answer B is the definition of clinical significance, answer C is the power, and answer A is incorrect as the independent variable exerts the effect on the dependent variable.
The Geshwind-Galaburda Theory proposes that embryonic surges of testosterone delay the development of which hemisphere in males?
a) Left
b) Right
c) Both
d) Neither, only the diencephalon
a) Left
This theory regards the observed sex differences between males and females on neuropsychological testing: that males are better at spatial tasks and females are better at language related tasks.
If you placed a common object such as a key or pencil in the left hand of a typical commissurotomy patient, out of sight of the person, they:
a) Could find a similar object with their other hand
b) Could not feel the object
c) Could identify the object verbally
d) Could recognize the object, but not call out its name
d) Could recognize the object, but not call out its name
The hemispheres cannot communicate in these patients, making one hand unaware of what the other is doing. And only input to the left hemisphere (i.e. the right hand) would allow verbal naming.
A patient presents with the chief complaint he is having trouble concentrating. He is not having any interpersonal difficulty with his co-workers or significant other. However, he displays irritable mood and distractibility, feels like his thoughts are racing, feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep, and talks non-stop. Drug testing is negative. The most likely diagnosis is:
a) Major Depressive Disorder
b) Bipolar II
c) Bipolar I
d) Primary Insomnia
b) Bipolar II
Racing thoughts and pressured speech make a depressive diagnosis and insomnia less likely choices. And the described symptoms are more consistent with hypomania than mania as he is not experiencing clinically significant distress or impairment in social or occupational settings.
A patient with cortical blindness:
a) May be able to insert an envelope into a slot
b) Will always be aware of their deficit
c) Will report the world seems drained of color
d) Has intact portions of the retinotopic map in the primary visual cortex
a) May be able to insert an envelope into a slot
Patients with cortical blindness may have blindsight in which they still have some perception outside of conscious awareness. They can have anosognosia as in Anton’s syndrome and be unaware of their deficit. Answer C describes achromatposia and Answer D is incorrect as cortical blindness results from total destruction of the primary visual cortex.
A patient who can not speak fluently but can comprehend and repeat phrases has:
a) Broca’s aphasia
b) Wernicke’s aphasia
c) Transcortical motor aphasia
d) Transcortical mixed aphasia
c) Transcortical motor aphasia
Which of the following characteristics most reliably distinguishes vascular dementia from Alzheimer’s dementia?
a) Stepwise development
b) MRI that shows atrophy
c) Encoding rather than consolidation deficits on memory testing
d) Focal neurological findings and the presence of either diffuse or focal cognitive findings
d) Focal neurological findings and the presence of either diffuse or focal cognitive findings
While stepwise progression is associated with vascular or multi-infarct dementia, it is not a reliable distinction. MRI in vascular dementia may show infarcts but atrophy is not specific to this disease process. Consolidation deficits on memory testing are indicative of AD but encoding deficits are not considered indicative of vascular dementia. In fact, memory performance on testing is often better than seen in AD. (Lezak, Neuropsychological Assessment)
Lesions causing achromatopsia often cause what other disorder?
a) Palinopsia
b) Alexia with agraphia
c) Prosopagnosia
d) Color anomia
c) Prosopagnosia
Both achromatopsia and prospognosia are caused by lesions on the fusiform gyrus of the occipitotemporal cortex.
Which thalamic nuclei is part of the visual pathway?
a) Dorsomedial nuclei
b) Lateral geniculate nucleus
c) Medial geniculate nucleus
d) Lateral Posterior
b) Lateral geniculate nucleus
Dr. X conducts neuropsychological screening assessments to ensure that elderly patients who are candidates for a particular treatment are not showing signs of dementia. In order to increase the _______ of her tests, Dr. X uses ethnically-adjusted cut-offs for patients from ethnic minority groups.
a) sensitivity
b) positive predictive value
c) specificity
d) reliability
c) specificity
Difficulty recalling events following an injury is called ________________, while difficulty recalling previously learned information because learning new information interfered is called __________________.
a) Retrograde amnesia; retroactive interference
b) Retrograde amnesia; proactive interference
c) Anterograde amnesia; retroactive interference
d) Anterograde amnesia; proactive interference
c) Anterograde amnesia; retroactive interference
Which diffuse modulatory system neurotransmitter to nuclei pairing is incorrect?
a) Basal Nucleus of Meynert and acetylcholine
b) Raphe Nuceli and serotonin
c) Locus Coeruleus and epinephrine
d) Ventral Tegmental Area and dopamine
c) Locus Coeruleus and epinephrine
The Locus Coeruleus cells release norepinephrine to virtually all parts of the brain. If you answered D, remember Dopamine is produced both in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.
The ________ pathway is involved with the visual perception of where objects are and the ________ pathway is involved with the visual analysis of what objects are.
a) Ventral, dorsal
b) Dorsal, ventral
c) Rostral, caudal
d) Caudal, ventral
b) Dorsal, ventral