Mock Exam - 2 - BRAIN Website Flashcards
In general, which of the following treatments used for childhood brain tumors is associated with the poorest long-term neuro-cognitive outcomes?
a) corticosteroids
b) chemotherapies
c) whole brain radiation
d) posterior fossa surgical resection
c) whole brain radiation
Whole brain radiation has been shown to have a significant adverse effect on overall IQ, processing speed and attention, due to white matter changes. These long-term cognitive effects are more pronounced in girls and are related to the radiation dose, total area of the brain radiated, and age at treatment.
Which of the following is false?
a) Anterograde amnesia is associated with hippocampal damage
b) Retrograde amnesia is associated with mammillary body or thalamic nuclei lesions
c) Severe retrograde amnesia is almost always accompanied by anterograde amnesia
d) The hippocampus is required for retrieval of remote memories
d) The hippocampus is required for retrieval of remote memories
The hippocampus is involved in the formation of memories, not the retrieval.
Which of the following is not characteristic of Down’s Syndrome?
a) Most prevalent type is trisomy 21
b) Sleep apnea is common
c) Females tend to have stronger cognitive profiles than males
d) Language skills are acquired at a faster rate relative to other motor or cognitive skills in Down’s Syndrome
d) Language skills are acquired at a faster rate relative to other motor or cognitive skills in Down’s Syndrome
See Handbook of Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders in Children (Chapter on Downs Syndrome, Actually language skills are acquired at a slower rate)
You are a neuropsychologist who has been asked to assess Mr. Jones’ decision-making capacity. What are your ethical obligations in this situation?
a) You must obtain informed consent from Mr. Jones before proceeding with the assessment.
b) You must provide Mr. Jones with an explanation of the assessment, consider his preferences and best interest, and obtain his assent.
c) You do not require informed consent from Mr. Jones if he willingly complies with the assessment procedures, because consent is implied.
d) You should only conduct the assessment if Mr. Jones demonstrates an understanding of the purpose of the assessment, foreseeable risks, discomforts and benefits, and the limits of confidentiality.
b) You must provide Mr. Jones with an explanation of the assessment, consider his preferences and best interest, and obtain his assent.
A correlation coefficient of .80 means that the proportion of variance in Y that can be accounted for by knowing X is:
a) 64%
b) 80%
c) 20%
d) 36%
a) 64%
The vocal intonation that helps us understand the intended meaning of what people say is termed__________and is a __________ hemisphere specialization.
a) Prosody, left
b) Semantics, right
c) Syntax, right
d) Prosody, right
d) Prosody, right
In normal language lateralization, prosody can be localized to the right hemisphere.
As you lower the reliability of a test, the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) ____.
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
d) can not be determined
a) increases
“Does the test sample the domain that it is intended to measure?” refers to which type of validity?
a) Construct validity
b) Content validity
c) Criterion validity
d) Discriminant validity
b) Content validity
The hit rate of a test is best when ________
a) the validity coefficient is low
b) the selection ratio is high
c) the base rate is moderate
d) the reliability coefficient is low
c) the base rate is moderate
Folate supplementation during pregnancy is recommended to prevent:
a) Childhood Onset Epilepsy
b) Neural Tube Defects
c) Mitochondrial Disorders
d) Down’s Syndrome
b) Neural Tube Defects
Which statement is true about the diagnosis of ADHD?
a) Stronger performance on digits backwards than digits forwards supports the diagnosis
b) A continuous performance test is the most sensitive means of detecting ADHD
c) ADHD is a clinically-based diagnosis
d) Impairment on Trails B but not A is a sign that is specific to ADHD
c) ADHD is a clinically-based diagnosis
Acalculia of the Spatial Type is often associated with right hemisphere dysfunction and may include all of the following features except:
a) Misalignment of columns resulting in miscalculation
b) Deficits in simple calculations presented auditorally (e.g., 2 + 2 = 5)
c) Reversal errors (e.g., ’12’ for ’21’)
d) Inversion errors (e.g., ‘6’ for ‘9’)
b) Deficits in simple calculations presented auditorally (e.g., 2 + 2 = 5)
The Geschwind-Galaburda Theory:
a) is based on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, which is particularly prominent in males
b) is based on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, with the left hemisphere being smaller than the right for most right-handed people
c) proposes that testosterone is implicated in greater development of the right hemisphere
d) would explain males’ strengths in spatial tasks, but does not account for the increased rate of autoimmune disorders in males
c) proposes that testosterone is implicated in greater development of the right hemisphere
Based on observation of the asymmetry of the planum temporale with the left hemisphere being larger than the right in most right handed people. In males, however, there is less asymmetry – which is proposed to be an effect of testosterone in delaying the development of the left hemisphere, although greater development of the right. This theory provides rationale for the greater spatial skills in males, as well as the increased rate of autoimmune disorders in males. Kolb and Whishaw, Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology – Fifth Edition, 2003, page 663).
A patient who can copy a cross, cube, and upside down tree but can not identify what these drawings are of has?
a) Prosopagnosia
b) Apperceptive agnosia
c) Associative agnosia
d) Optic aphasia
c) Associative agnosia
- Apperceptive agnosia involves a failure in perceptual processing of the stimuli, and therefore can not copy stimuli.
- Associative agnosia involves a failure in object identification despite preserved ability to copy and even match stimuli. It often co-occurs with prosopagnosia.
- Optic aphasia is impaired naming of visual objects with the patient still able to identify the object by other means and able to explain characteristics.
A test was used as a screening measure for ADHD and 90% of the children with ADHD scored in the abnormal range. This is the test’s ___________. 80% of the children without ADHD obtained scores in the normal range. This is the test’s ______.
a) sensitivity, specificity
b) specificity, sensitivity
c) positive predictive power, specificity
d) sensitivity, negative predictive power
a) sensitivity, specificity
Abnormalities in what areas of the brain have been proposed to correlate with impairment in autism?
a) Cerebellum, brain stem, and temporal lobes
b) Cerebellum, brain stem, and basal ganglia
c) Temporal lobes and basal ganglia
d) Basal ganglia and frontal lobes
a) Cerebellum, brain stem, and temporal lobes
A 52 y.o. hypertensive, diabetic man awakens unable to speak coherently and has right arm and face weakness but the leg is not affected. Exam shows dysarthria, Broca aphasia, right hemiparesis (face and arm) and hemianesthesia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Left putaminal hemorrhage
b) Left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion
c) Left carotid occlusion
d) Left anterior cerebral artery occlusion
e) Left posterior cerebral artery occlusion
b) Left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion
The distribution of weakness (face and arm, sparing the leg) and Broca aphasia suggests ischemia in MCA distribution. With carotid occlusion, the territory of MCA and ACA would be affected such that the face, arm and leg would be equally affected. Putaminal (subcortical) hemorrhage would not likely cause aphasia.
The use of deception in research
a) Should never be done
b) Can be done and is shared with participants only after the study
c) Can be done in all situations, provided that there is scientific value
d) Can be done provided that alternative procedures are not feasible
d) Can be done provided that alternative procedures are not feasible
In determining suspicious effort, which should be ruled out?
a) Factitious Disorder
b) Somatoform Disorder
c) Psychotic Disorder
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What is the most reliable indicator of a developmental reading disorder?
a) Poor contextual reading
b) Difficulty acquiring rapid, context-free word-reading skill
c) Poor verbal working memory
d) VIQ – Achievement score discrepancy
b) Difficulty acquiring rapid, context-free word-reading skill
All of the following have been reported as being associated with reading disorders except:
a) Reduced volumes in dominant hemisphere perisylvian areas
b) Symmetrical planum temporale
c) Cortical malformations in the frontal and temporal areas
d) Reduced insular and frontal lobe volumes
a) Reduced volumes in dominant hemisphere perisylvian areas
What feature of ADHD is typically not seen in NVLD?
a) Inattention
b) Hyperactivity
c) Impulsivity
d) Executive Dysfunction
b) Hyperactivity
A 25 year-old woman is referred for neuropsychological assessment by her general practitioner because of memory complaints. Information obtained during the clinical interview indicates that she has no memory of a 6-month period of time in 2001, after witnessing the assault of a close friend. Memory for recent events is intact. Based on this information alone, which of the following is highest on the list of differential diagnoses:
a) adjustment disorder
b) retrograde amnesia
c) conversion disorder
d) psychogenic amnesia
d) psychogenic amnesia
Test-retest reliability is most suitable for evaluating
a) Unstable traits such as speed of performance
b) Stable traits, such as aptitude
c) Subjective traits such as creativity
d) Can be used for all of the above
b) Stable traits, such as aptitude