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1
Q

What is social control?

A

Social control involves pressures to persuade or compel members of society to conform to the rules.

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2
Q

What are internal forms of social control?

A

Internal forms of social control regulate our own behaviour in accordance with accepted forms.

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3
Q

What is Rational Ideology as an internal form of social control?

A

Rational Ideology means individuals abide by laws because they believe they protect the population.

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4
Q

How does conscience relate to internal forms of social control?

A

Conscience guides people to follow laws and rules, creating feelings of guilt or anxiety when deviating.

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5
Q

What role does tradition play in internal forms of social control?

A

Tradition can ensure individuals follow rules due to upbringing in specific religions or cultures.

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6
Q

What is internalisation of social rules and morality?

A

It is the process where social rules become part of our inner self, guiding our sense of right and wrong.

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7
Q

What are external forms of social control?

A

External forms of social control are techniques and strategies for preventing criminal behaviour, enforced by agencies.

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8
Q

Name some agencies of social control.

A
  • Police
  • CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)
  • Courts (Judges and Magistrates)
  • Prison
  • Probation
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9
Q

What powers do the police have in social control?

A

The police can stop and search, arrest, detain, and question suspects.

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10
Q

What is the concept of deterrence?

A

Deterrence is using punishment as a threat to discourage people from offending.

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11
Q

What is individual deterrence?

A

Individual deterrence is punishment imposed on offenders to prevent them from committing further crimes.

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12
Q

What is general deterrence?

A

General deterrence is the fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes.

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13
Q

How does the CPS contribute to external control?

A

The CPS charges and prosecutes suspects to compel adherence to the law.

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14
Q

What is the role of courts in external control?

A

Courts determine guilt, sentence appropriately, and can refuse bail to compel law adherence.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of prisons in social control?

A

Prisons detain individuals for the duration of their sentence to enforce compliance with the law.

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16
Q

What is probation and its role in social control?

A

Probation supervises offenders in the community and can recall them to prison for violations.

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17
Q

What is Control Theory?

A

Control Theory explains why people do not commit crimes, focusing on bonds to society.

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18
Q

What are the four key bonds in Travis Hirschi’s Control Theory?

A
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
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19
Q

What did Walter C. Reckless propose about crime prevention?

A

He argued that a combination of internal and external containments prevents deviation from social norms.

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20
Q

What is retribution in the context of punishment?

A

Retribution is the idea that offenders deserve punishment proportionate to their crime.

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21
Q

What is a mandatory life sentence?

A

A mandatory life sentence applies to murder convictions with a minimum of 25 years in prison.

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22
Q

What is the difference between mandatory and discretionary life sentences?

A

Mandatory life sentences are fixed, while discretionary life sentences depend on the judge’s decision.

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23
Q

What is the aim of retribution through custodial sentencing?

A

To deprive offenders of their liberty as punishment for their crimes.

24
Q

What does community sentencing combine?

A

Community sentencing combines punishment with activities carried out in the community.

25
What is retribution in the context of punishment?
Retribution is the concept that offenders should receive punishment proportional to the crime committed. ## Footnote It is often described as giving offenders their 'just desserts' for their actions.
26
In what ways can retribution be applied through community sentencing?
Retribution can be applied through community sentencing by combining punishment with community activities such as: * Unpaid work * Curfew * Drug treatment * Testing and supervision ## Footnote This aims to prevent further offending while still punishing the offender.
27
How does a financial penalty serve as a form of retribution?
A financial penalty serves as retribution by imposing a fine based on the offender's financial situation and the seriousness of the offence. ## Footnote The fine amount is proportionate to the act, aiming to penalize offenders financially.
28
What is the aim of rehabilitation in the context of punishment?
The aim of rehabilitation is to alter the offender's behavior, reintroducing them into society without reoffending. ## Footnote It focuses on helping offenders change rather than just punishing them.
29
What is a custodial sentence?
A custodial sentence is a court-imposed punishment where the offender is sentenced to serve time in prison. ## Footnote Most custodial sentences are fixed-term, with specific timeframes for release.
30
What percentage of adults are reconvicted of another offence within one year of release from prison?
48% of adults are reconvicted within one year of release. ## Footnote This statistic highlights challenges in the rehabilitation process.
31
What is individual deterrence?
Individual deterrence aims to prevent a specific offender from reoffending by threatening them with a return to prison. ## Footnote This can be seen in suspended sentences.
32
What is general deterrence?
General deterrence aims to prevent potential offenders from committing crimes by sending a clear message about the consequences of criminal behavior. ## Footnote It serves to dissuade the public from engaging in similar conduct.
33
What is the purpose of a suspended sentence?
A suspended sentence allows an offender to remain in society under the threat of imprisonment if they reoffend within a specified period. ## Footnote It acts as a deterrent by imposing potential consequences without immediate incarceration.
34
What is the effect of community sentences on reoffending rates?
Community sentences have been shown to be 8.3% more effective at reducing one-year reoffending rates than custodial sentences of less than 12 months. ## Footnote Despite their effectiveness, the use of community sentences has declined significantly.
35
What is public protection in the context of punishment?
Public protection refers to the need to protect society from dangerous criminals through various forms of punishment. ## Footnote This can include incapacitation methods like imprisonment or electronic tagging.
36
What are indeterminate sentences?
Indeterminate sentences do not have a fixed release date and are reserved for the most dangerous offenders. ## Footnote The Parole Board decides when such offenders may be released.
37
What is a conditional discharge?
A conditional discharge is a sentence where no penalty is imposed as long as the offender does not reoffend during a specified period. ## Footnote If reoffending occurs, alternative sentencing options are available.
38
What is the impact of financial penalties on offenders?
Financial penalties aim to deter and punish offenders, but many fines remain uncollected or are written off, indicating limited effectiveness. ## Footnote Reports suggest that a significant percentage of fines are untraceable or unpaid.
39
What is the role of electronic tagging in public protection?
Electronic tagging restricts an offender's movement, helping to protect the public by monitoring their activities. ## Footnote It can be used alongside curfews to limit offenders' opportunities to commit further crimes.
40
What is the purpose of a curfew order in community sentencing?
To restrict the defendant's interaction with the public during specified times ## Footnote This aims to protect the public from potential criminal activity.
41
How does electronic tagging contribute to community protection?
It restricts the defendant's movement and helps prevent criminal activity ## Footnote For example, it can limit the movements of violent offenders.
42
What does reparation in the context of punishment entail?
Compensating the victim of the crime, often through monetary payment or community service ## Footnote It may also involve restorative justice measures.
43
Define restorative justice.
A process that brings offenders and victims together for direct reparation ## Footnote This can include apologies, repairs, or discussions about the crime.
44
What is the aim of denunciation in punishment?
To express society's disapproval of criminal activity and reinforce moral boundaries ## Footnote This helps mold society’s views on acceptable conduct.
45
What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
A theory that suggests environmental design can reduce opportunities for crime ## Footnote It promotes positive use of space and visibility to deter criminal behavior.
46
What is the panopticon design in prisons?
A prison design that allows an observer to view all prisoners without them knowing if they are being watched ## Footnote This concept emphasizes surveillance as a means of control.
47
What are gated lanes and their purpose?
Gates installed at alley entrances to deter crime and improve safety ## Footnote Local authorities can erect these gates to combat anti-social behavior.
48
What is an Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO)?
A court order to limit low-level anti-social behavior ## Footnote ASBOs were replaced by Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) due to issues of effectiveness.
49
What does Token Economics involve?
A system that rewards positive behavior and punishes negative behavior in institutional settings ## Footnote It is based on behavior modification principles.
50
Describe the 'Incentives and Earned Privileges' Scheme.
A prison management tactic that rewards responsible behavior with privileges ## Footnote It aims to promote conformity and reduce self-harm risks.
51
What are the consequences of breaking prison rules?
Cautions, loss of privileges, or cellular confinement ## Footnote Breaking rules can lead to serious disciplinary actions in prison.
52
What is the 'dark figure of crime'?
Unreported crime that is not brought to the attention of law enforcement ## Footnote This can account for a significant portion of actual crime.
53
What factors can lead to unreported domestic abuse?
Fear of further violence or loyalty to the abuser ## Footnote These factors can prevent victims from reporting crimes.
54
How do budget cuts impact crime prevention efforts?
They can reduce police presence and resources to tackle criminal cases ## Footnote This leads to gaps in state provision for law enforcement.
55
True or False: The Human Rights Act 1998 has been used by terrorists to avoid deportation.
True ## Footnote Some criminals have successfully used the act to challenge deportation orders.

Criminology (5 decks)

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