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Criminology > Mock exam > Flashcards

Mock exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is social control?

A

Social control involves pressures to persuade or compel members of society to conform to the rules.

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2
Q

What are internal forms of social control?

A

Internal forms of social control regulate our own behaviour in accordance with accepted forms.

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3
Q

What is Rational Ideology as an internal form of social control?

A

Rational Ideology means individuals abide by laws because they believe they protect the population.

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4
Q

How does conscience relate to internal forms of social control?

A

Conscience guides people to follow laws and rules, creating feelings of guilt or anxiety when deviating.

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5
Q

What role does tradition play in internal forms of social control?

A

Tradition can ensure individuals follow rules due to upbringing in specific religions or cultures.

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6
Q

What is internalisation of social rules and morality?

A

It is the process where social rules become part of our inner self, guiding our sense of right and wrong.

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7
Q

What are external forms of social control?

A

External forms of social control are techniques and strategies for preventing criminal behaviour, enforced by agencies.

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8
Q

Name some agencies of social control.

A
  • Police
  • CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)
  • Courts (Judges and Magistrates)
  • Prison
  • Probation
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9
Q

What powers do the police have in social control?

A

The police can stop and search, arrest, detain, and question suspects.

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10
Q

What is the concept of deterrence?

A

Deterrence is using punishment as a threat to discourage people from offending.

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11
Q

What is individual deterrence?

A

Individual deterrence is punishment imposed on offenders to prevent them from committing further crimes.

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12
Q

What is general deterrence?

A

General deterrence is the fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes.

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13
Q

How does the CPS contribute to external control?

A

The CPS charges and prosecutes suspects to compel adherence to the law.

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14
Q

What is the role of courts in external control?

A

Courts determine guilt, sentence appropriately, and can refuse bail to compel law adherence.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of prisons in social control?

A

Prisons detain individuals for the duration of their sentence to enforce compliance with the law.

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16
Q

What is probation and its role in social control?

A

Probation supervises offenders in the community and can recall them to prison for violations.

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17
Q

What is Control Theory?

A

Control Theory explains why people do not commit crimes, focusing on bonds to society.

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18
Q

What are the four key bonds in Travis Hirschi’s Control Theory?

A
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
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19
Q

What did Walter C. Reckless propose about crime prevention?

A

He argued that a combination of internal and external containments prevents deviation from social norms.

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20
Q

What is retribution in the context of punishment?

A

Retribution is the idea that offenders deserve punishment proportionate to their crime.

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21
Q

What is a mandatory life sentence?

A

A mandatory life sentence applies to murder convictions with a minimum of 25 years in prison.

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22
Q

What is the difference between mandatory and discretionary life sentences?

A

Mandatory life sentences are fixed, while discretionary life sentences depend on the judge’s decision.

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23
Q

What is the aim of retribution through custodial sentencing?

A

To deprive offenders of their liberty as punishment for their crimes.

24
Q

What does community sentencing combine?

A

Community sentencing combines punishment with activities carried out in the community.

25
Q

What is retribution in the context of punishment?

A

Retribution is the concept that offenders should receive punishment proportional to the crime committed.

It is often described as giving offenders their ‘just desserts’ for their actions.

26
Q

In what ways can retribution be applied through community sentencing?

A

Retribution can be applied through community sentencing by combining punishment with community activities such as:
* Unpaid work
* Curfew
* Drug treatment
* Testing and supervision

This aims to prevent further offending while still punishing the offender.

27
Q

How does a financial penalty serve as a form of retribution?

A

A financial penalty serves as retribution by imposing a fine based on the offender’s financial situation and the seriousness of the offence.

The fine amount is proportionate to the act, aiming to penalize offenders financially.

28
Q

What is the aim of rehabilitation in the context of punishment?

A

The aim of rehabilitation is to alter the offender’s behavior, reintroducing them into society without reoffending.

It focuses on helping offenders change rather than just punishing them.

29
Q

What is a custodial sentence?

A

A custodial sentence is a court-imposed punishment where the offender is sentenced to serve time in prison.

Most custodial sentences are fixed-term, with specific timeframes for release.

30
Q

What percentage of adults are reconvicted of another offence within one year of release from prison?

A

48% of adults are reconvicted within one year of release.

This statistic highlights challenges in the rehabilitation process.

31
Q

What is individual deterrence?

A

Individual deterrence aims to prevent a specific offender from reoffending by threatening them with a return to prison.

This can be seen in suspended sentences.

32
Q

What is general deterrence?

A

General deterrence aims to prevent potential offenders from committing crimes by sending a clear message about the consequences of criminal behavior.

It serves to dissuade the public from engaging in similar conduct.

33
Q

What is the purpose of a suspended sentence?

A

A suspended sentence allows an offender to remain in society under the threat of imprisonment if they reoffend within a specified period.

It acts as a deterrent by imposing potential consequences without immediate incarceration.

34
Q

What is the effect of community sentences on reoffending rates?

A

Community sentences have been shown to be 8.3% more effective at reducing one-year reoffending rates than custodial sentences of less than 12 months.

Despite their effectiveness, the use of community sentences has declined significantly.

35
Q

What is public protection in the context of punishment?

A

Public protection refers to the need to protect society from dangerous criminals through various forms of punishment.

This can include incapacitation methods like imprisonment or electronic tagging.

36
Q

What are indeterminate sentences?

A

Indeterminate sentences do not have a fixed release date and are reserved for the most dangerous offenders.

The Parole Board decides when such offenders may be released.

37
Q

What is a conditional discharge?

A

A conditional discharge is a sentence where no penalty is imposed as long as the offender does not reoffend during a specified period.

If reoffending occurs, alternative sentencing options are available.

38
Q

What is the impact of financial penalties on offenders?

A

Financial penalties aim to deter and punish offenders, but many fines remain uncollected or are written off, indicating limited effectiveness.

Reports suggest that a significant percentage of fines are untraceable or unpaid.

39
Q

What is the role of electronic tagging in public protection?

A

Electronic tagging restricts an offender’s movement, helping to protect the public by monitoring their activities.

It can be used alongside curfews to limit offenders’ opportunities to commit further crimes.

40
Q

What is the purpose of a curfew order in community sentencing?

A

To restrict the defendant’s interaction with the public during specified times

This aims to protect the public from potential criminal activity.

41
Q

How does electronic tagging contribute to community protection?

A

It restricts the defendant’s movement and helps prevent criminal activity

For example, it can limit the movements of violent offenders.

42
Q

What does reparation in the context of punishment entail?

A

Compensating the victim of the crime, often through monetary payment or community service

It may also involve restorative justice measures.

43
Q

Define restorative justice.

A

A process that brings offenders and victims together for direct reparation

This can include apologies, repairs, or discussions about the crime.

44
Q

What is the aim of denunciation in punishment?

A

To express society’s disapproval of criminal activity and reinforce moral boundaries

This helps mold society’s views on acceptable conduct.

45
Q

What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

A

A theory that suggests environmental design can reduce opportunities for crime

It promotes positive use of space and visibility to deter criminal behavior.

46
Q

What is the panopticon design in prisons?

A

A prison design that allows an observer to view all prisoners without them knowing if they are being watched

This concept emphasizes surveillance as a means of control.

47
Q

What are gated lanes and their purpose?

A

Gates installed at alley entrances to deter crime and improve safety

Local authorities can erect these gates to combat anti-social behavior.

48
Q

What is an Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO)?

A

A court order to limit low-level anti-social behavior

ASBOs were replaced by Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) due to issues of effectiveness.

49
Q

What does Token Economics involve?

A

A system that rewards positive behavior and punishes negative behavior in institutional settings

It is based on behavior modification principles.

50
Q

Describe the ‘Incentives and Earned Privileges’ Scheme.

A

A prison management tactic that rewards responsible behavior with privileges

It aims to promote conformity and reduce self-harm risks.

51
Q

What are the consequences of breaking prison rules?

A

Cautions, loss of privileges, or cellular confinement

Breaking rules can lead to serious disciplinary actions in prison.

52
Q

What is the ‘dark figure of crime’?

A

Unreported crime that is not brought to the attention of law enforcement

This can account for a significant portion of actual crime.

53
Q

What factors can lead to unreported domestic abuse?

A

Fear of further violence or loyalty to the abuser

These factors can prevent victims from reporting crimes.

54
Q

How do budget cuts impact crime prevention efforts?

A

They can reduce police presence and resources to tackle criminal cases

This leads to gaps in state provision for law enforcement.

55
Q

True or False: The Human Rights Act 1998 has been used by terrorists to avoid deportation.

A

True

Some criminals have successfully used the act to challenge deportation orders.

Criminology (4 decks)

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