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Question 1

What is social control?

Answer 1

Social control involves pressures to persuade or compel members of society to conform to the rules.

Question 2

What are internal forms of social control?

Answer 2

Internal forms of social control regulate our own behaviour in accordance with accepted forms.

Question 3

What is Rational Ideology in the context of internal social control?

Answer 3

Rational Ideology is the belief that laws exist to protect the population, leading individuals to abide by the law.

Question 4

How does conscience relate to internal forms of social control?

Answer 4

Conscience guides individuals to follow laws and rules, creating feelings of guilt or anxiety at the thought of deviance.

Question 5

What role does tradition play in social control?

Answer 5

Tradition can ensure individuals follow rules, reducing the likelihood of breaking laws.

Question 6

What is meant by the internalization of social rules and morality?

Answer 6

It refers to the process where social rules and morality become part of an individual’s inner self and personality.

Question 7

What are external forms of social control?

Answer 7

External forms of social control involve techniques and strategies employed by empowered agencies to enforce conformity to laws.

Question 8

Name some agencies of social control.

Answer 8

• Police
• CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)
• Courts (judges and magistrates)
• Prison
• Probation

Question 9

What powers do police have in enforcing social control?

Answer 9

Police can stop and search, arrest, detain, and question suspects.

Question 10

What is the concept of deterrence in social control?

Answer 10

Deterrence uses punishment as a threat to prevent people from offending.

Question 11

Differentiate between individual deterrence and general deterrence.

Answer 11

• Individual deterrence: Punishment to deter the specific offender from reoffending.
• General deterrence: Fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes.

Question 12

What role does the CPS play in social control?

Answer 12

The CPS charges and prosecutes suspects to compel compliance with the law.

Question 13

How do courts exercise external control?

Answer 13

Courts determine guilt, sentence offenders, and can refuse bail to enforce compliance with the law.

Question 14

What is the aim of punishment known as retribution?

Answer 14

Retribution aims to inflict punishment proportional to the offence without seeking to alter future behavior.

Question 15

What is a mandatory life sentence?

Answer 15

A mandatory life sentence applies to a murder conviction, requiring a minimum of 25 years in prison.

Question 16

What are community sentences?

Answer 16

Community sentences combine punishment with community activities such as unpaid work.

Question 17

What does control theory explain?

Answer 17

Control theory explains why people do not commit crimes, emphasizing the importance of social bonds.

Question 18

What are the four key bonds outlined by Travis Hirschi?

Answer 18

• Attachment
• Commitment
• Involvement
• Belief

Question 19

What are inner and outer containments according to Walter C. Reckless?

Answer 19

• Inner containments: Internal psychological factors from upbringing.
• Outer containments: Social influences and laws.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Internal forms of social control include _______.

Answer 20

[conscience, upbringing, family traditions]

Question 21

True or False: Physical coercion can include imprisonment.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the role of probation in social control?

Answer 22

Probation recalls offenders to prison and facilitates community sentences to enforce compliance with the law.

Question 23

What is the aim of punishment that seeks to prevent further offending while still imposing a consequence?

Answer 23

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation aims to alter the offender’s behavior and reintegrate them into society.

Question 24

What type of punishment involves unpaid work in the community as a form of retribution?

Answer 24

Community service

Community service can serve as retribution while allowing offenders to contribute positively.

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of financial penalties in the context of punishment?

Answer 25

Deterrence and retribution ## Footnote Fines serve to punish offenders financially and deter future offenses.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Rehabilitation can be seen in community sentences such as unpaid work, completion of an education or training course such as _______.

Answer 26

speed awareness training ## Footnote These programs aim to educate offenders and reduce recidivism.

Question 27

True or False: Nearly half of adults are reconvicted of another offence within one year of release from prison.

Answer 27

True ## Footnote This statistic highlights the challenges of effective rehabilitation post-incarceration.

Question 28

What does the term 'individual deterrence' refer to?

Answer 28

Preventing an offender from reoffending through a prison sentence ## Footnote Individual deterrence aims to instill fear of imprisonment in offenders.

Question 29

What is one criticism of community sentences?

Answer 29

They may not effectively deter repeat offenders ## Footnote Many offenders view community sentences as less serious compared to prison.

Question 30

What percentage of offenders received a fine in 2019?

Answer 30

78 percent ## Footnote This statistic indicates fines as a prevalent form of punishment in the justice system.

Question 31

What is the definition of reparation in the context of punishment?

Answer 31

Compensating the victim of the crime ## Footnote Reparation may include financial compensation or community service to repair harm.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: A _______ discharge is used when the person is guilty but morally blameless.

Answer 32

conditional ## Footnote Conditional discharge allows for no penalty if the offender does not reoffend.

Question 33

What does public protection aim to achieve in the context of punishment?

Answer 33

Protect society from dangerous criminals ## Footnote Public protection can involve incapacitation measures such as imprisonment.

Question 34

What is one method of deterrence through custodial sentencing?

Answer 34

Suspended sentence ## Footnote A suspended sentence allows offenders to remain in society while facing potential imprisonment for reoffending.

Question 35

True or False: General deterrence is aimed at preventing a specific offender from committing future crimes.

Answer 35

False ## Footnote General deterrence seeks to discourage the broader public from committing crimes.

Question 36

What is the concept of denunciation in punishment?

Answer 36

Society's expression of disapproval of criminal activity ## Footnote Denunciation reinforces moral boundaries and societal norms.

Question 37

What percentage of offenders are in breach of their community orders?

Answer 37

30 percent ## Footnote This statistic suggests that a significant portion of offenders does not comply with community sentencing requirements.

Question 38

What is the relationship between reformation and right realism?

Answer 38

Reformation presumes that criminal behavior is a result of free will that can be changed ## Footnote Right realism advocates for stricter punishments to reduce crime.

Question 39

What is the aim of punishment that focuses on restoring the victim and addressing the harm caused?

Answer 39

Reparation ## Footnote Reparation often involves direct engagement between victims and offenders.

Question 40

What is the aim of punishment in the context of social control?

Answer 40

To show that justice is being done, reinforce moral boundaries, and mold society's view.

Question 41

What theory links the aim of punishment to the boundaries of acceptable conduct?

Answer 41

Functionalist theory of criminality.

Question 42

What does CPTED stand for?

Answer 42

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Question 43

What does the CPTED theory emphasize?

Answer 43

Reduction of opportunity to commit crimes and fostering positive use of space.

Question 44

What are some methods of CPTED?

Answer 44

* Creating open spaces * Clear lighting for visibility * Minimizing hiding places

Question 45

What tragic event is linked to the need for CPTED principles?

Answer 45

The murder of Damilola Taylor.

Question 46

What is the panopticon prison design characterized by?

Answer 46

An observer can view all prisoners without them knowing if they are being watched.

Question 47

What is a supermax prison?

Answer 47

A high-security prison housing inmates in long-term segregated housing.

Question 48

What are Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)?

Answer 48

Orders introduced to limit and correct low-level anti-social behaviour.

Question 49

What are Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs)?

Answer 49

Orders for individuals whose behaviour has caused harassment, alarm, and distress, requiring them to change their behaviour.

Question 50

What is the main difference between ASBOs and CBOs?

Answer 50

CBOs include positive requirements to change behaviour.

Question 51

What is a key concept behind token economies?

Answer 51

Behaviour modification through rewards for positive behaviour and punishments for negative behaviour.

Question 52

What does the 'Incentives and Earned Privileges' scheme promote?

Answer 52

Conformity through rational choice, allowing benefits for responsible behaviour.

Question 53

What happens if prison rules are broken?

Answer 53

* Caution * Loss of privileges * Cellular confinement

Question 54

What is the 'dark figure of crime'?

Answer 54

Unreported crime that is not detected by the police.

Question 55

What are some reasons for unreported crime?

Answer 55

* Fear of further abuse * Misguided loyalty * Lack of proof

Question 56

How can budget cuts impact crime prevention measures?

Answer 56

They can lead to a lack of police officers and inadequate handling of cases.

Question 57

What is one example of a gap in state provision?

Answer 57

The inability to address unreported crimes.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: The principle of CPTED suggests that the form and arrangements of buildings can ______ crime.

Answer 58

encourage or discourage

Question 59

True or False: The ASBO is still in use today.

Answer 59

False