Mock 2

Question 1

Describe ONE key characteristic of active transport

Answer 1

Movement from low to high concentration OR up the concentration gradient

Requires energy (ATP)

Question 2

Describe ONE key feature of the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 2

Hydrophobic tails on inside Phosphate heads on outside Embedded with transmembrane proteins OR fats OR cholesterol

Question 3

List ONE characteristic of mitosis

Answer 3

1 division, 2 daughter cells 46 chromosomes Diploid Identical daughter cells Body cell growth Repair

Question 4

State ONE function of transmembrane proteins

Answer 4

Transport of substances in/out of cells Immunological identity Receptors

Question 5

Explain the directional term medial

Answer 5

Medial nearer to the midline

Question 6

Name ONE hormone that promotes osteoclast activity

Answer 6

Parathyroid hormone (1 mark) - PTH (0.5 marks) Cortisol

Question 7

What is the name of the canal in compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves?

Answer 7

Haversian canal

Question 8

Describe what happens in impingement syndrome

Answer 8

The rotator cuff tendons and/or bursa can become inflamed/damaged.

Question 9

State TWO signs and/or symptoms associated with gout

Answer 9

Redness in big toe Red OR painful OR hot OR swollen joints Shiny skin over joint Tophi OR urate crystals under the skin

Question 10

List ONE risk factor for the development of osteoporosis

Answer 10

GIT diseases OR poor absorption of calcium Post-menopausal Age Poor diet Drugs Genetics Sedentary lifestyle High alcohol consumption Smoking Low body weight Endocrine pathologies

Question 11

Describe any TWO features of fast glycolytic (FG) skeletal muscle

Answer 11

White Anaerobic Least myoglobin Least mitochondria Fatigue quickly Good for weights Large diameter

Question 12

Name the TWO myofilaments found in skeletal muscle

Answer 12

Actin Myosin

Question 13

State ONE movement created by the psoas muscle

Answer 13

Hip flexor Pulls thigh towards trunk

Question 14

In the pathology myasthenia gravis, what occurs at the motor end plate to prevent a nerve impulse being sent to muscle fibres?

Answer 14

Antibodies block acetylcholine receptors

Question 15

Name ONE hormone that thickens and lengthens the vocal cords

Answer 15

Testosterone

Question 16

Explain the role of the mucociliary escalator

Answer 16

Mucus traps inhaled particles (0.5 marks) Cilia move the particle-laden mucus towards the oesophagus (0.5 marks) where it can be coughed up or swallowed (0.5 marks) thus protecting the lungs from inhaled pathogens (0.5 marks)

Question 17

List ONE risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea

Answer 17

Obesity Smoker Nasal obstruction OR polyps, etc. Alcohol Sedatives

Question 18

Describe what happens pathologically in pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 18

Replacement of the epithelial cell lining in alveoli with fibrotic tissue

Question 19

A blood donor has a blood group O+. List all the blood groups that can be a recipient of this blood type. You should remember to include the rhesus factor for full marks.

Answer 19

AB+ A+ B+ 0+ (Must include ‘+’ to get full marks)

Question 20

Name the specialised cells responsible for haemolysis in the body

Answer 20

Macrophages

Question 21

List any TWO signs and/or symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 21

Spoon shaped nails Angular stomatitis Glossitis Brittle hair Tachycardia General signs of anaemia – specify these

Question 22

List ONE cause (not a nutritional deficiency) of megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 22

Lack of intrinsic factor (0.5 marks if say IF) Pernicious anaemia Gastrectomy Chronic gastritis Stomach cancer Coeliac disease Chron’s disease Methotrexate Malabsorption Surgical excision

Question 23

State the TWO functions of the sinoatrial node

Answer 23

Sets rate and rhythm

Question 24

Describe the impact of vasoconstriction on blood pressure

Answer 24

Increases blood pressure

Question 25

Name TWO signs and/or symptoms of a stroke

Answer 25

Sudden weakness Numbness Tingling Dysphasia Difficulty speaking Loss of vision Sudden severe headaches Confusion Unsteadiness ## Footnote

Question 26

List ONE cause of left-sided heart failure

Answer 26

High blood pressure Myocardial weakness Valve problems ## Footnote

Question 27

In the UK hypertension it is defined as ____ / ____ mmHg or higher

Answer 27

140 / 90mmHg ## Footnote

Question 28

State ONE function of goblet cells

Answer 28

Secretion of mucus ## Footnote

Question 29

Name ONE nerve plexus located in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 29

Myenteric plexus OR Submucosal plexus ## Footnote

Question 30

Name the group of enzymes involved in phase 1 liver detoxification

Answer 30

Cytochrome P450 OR CYP450 enzymes (Full marks will be given if you use abbreviation CYP450 as this ## Footnote

Question 31

State ONE function of goblet cells

Answer 31

Secretion of mucus ## Footnote Example sentence: Goblet cells in the respiratory tract secrete mucus to trap and remove foreign particles.

Question 32

Name ONE nerve plexus located in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 32

Myenteric plexus OR Submucosal plexus ## Footnote Additional information: The myenteric plexus is responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility.

Question 33

Name the group of enzymes involved in phase 1 liver detoxification

Answer 33

Cytochrome P450 OR CYP450 enzymes ## Footnote Full marks will be given if you use abbreviation CYP450 as this is how we refer to it in your lecture slides.

Question 34

State ONE function of the hormone gastrin in the digestive tract

Answer 34

Stimulates gastric juice secretion Stimulates gastric motility ## Footnote Example sentence: Gastrin plays a key role in regulating the acidity of the stomach.

Question 35

Define the pathology ascites

Answer 35

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

Question 36

State ONE cause of cold sores

Answer 36

Herpes simplex virus 1 Stress Steroid use Trauma Local infections UV exposure

Question 37

List TWO trigger foods in gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GORD)

Answer 37

Spicy foods Fatty foods Alcohol Caffeine Onions Chocolate Citrus Tomatoes

Question 38

Describe why acute pancreatitis is viewed as a medical emergency

Answer 38

Enzymes are activated whilst still inside the pancreas, leading to self-digestion of pancreatic tissue.

Question 39

Describe TWO functions of prolactin

Answer 39

Stimulates lactation Prevents pregnancy during lactation Breast maturation after childbirth Matures mammary glands in pregnancy

Question 40

List TWO factors (not TSH) that stimulate the production of thyroid hormones

Answer 40

Exercise Stress Malnutrition Low blood glucose Low T3 to T4

Question 41

Name TWO signs and/or symptoms of hypoglycaemia

Answer 41

Shaking and/or trembling Sweating Pins and needles in the lips and tongue Extreme hunger Irritability Headache Slurred speech Confusion Tiredness Ketoacidosis Coma

Question 42

Describe TWO ways in which the skin contributes to temperature regulation

Answer 42

Sweat glands – water evaporates off skin Blood vessels – vasodilation or vasoconstriction Erector pili muscle cause hair to stand on end trapping layer of air

Question 43

Name ONE pathology that skin tags are commonly associated with

Answer 43

Type 2 diabetes mellitus OR Polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS

Question 44

List TWO dietary factors that may contribute to the development of acne vulgaris

Answer 44

High glucose Dairy

Question 45

State ONE cause of splenomegaly

Answer 45

Viral or bacterial infections OR infectious mononucleosis OR malaria. Liver diseases OR cirrhosis Portal vein hypertension. Haemolytic anaemias OR thalassaemia OR sickle cell anaemia. Blood OR lymphatic malignancies OR leukaemia OR Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 46

A client presents at the CNM student clinic with pericarditis. Define this condition and state ONE common cause. Describe FOUR signs and symptoms, ONE allopathic treatment, and ONE complication that may occur

Answer 46

Acute inflammation of the pericardium Cause: Viral infection OR flu Systemic inflammatory condition OR rheumatoid arthritis Signs/symptoms: Chest pain radiating to the back Chest pain relieved by sitting up OR forward. Chest pain worsened by lying down OR breathing deeply. Dyspnoea when reclining Low-grade fever Weakness Fatigue Feeling nauseous Dry cough Oedema Pericardial friction rub Allopathic Treatment: Rest, Anti-inflammatories OR NSAIDs, Antibiotics (if bacterial), Steroids. Surgical drainage Complications: Constrictive pericarditis Cardiac tamponade (pericardial effusion

Question 47

Give a definition for hyperthyroidism. Describe FOUR signs and/or symptoms. Discuss TWO possible causes and state ONE allopathic treatment that may be used

Answer 47

Hyperthyroidism is characterised by hyper-metabolism and elevated serum levels of free thyroid hormones Sign & Symptoms: Nervousness Irritability Hyperactivity Unexplained weight loss Insomnia Palpitations Muscle weakness Frequent bowel OR bladder movements Diarrhoea, fatigue Heat sensitivity Increased sweating Goitre Exophthalmos Tachycardia Tremor Brisk tendon reflexes Lid lag OR von Gräfe’s sign Causes: Graves’ disease Autoimmune OR increased IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptor and stimulate production of thyroid hormones. Excessive iodine supplementation Hypothalamic tumour

Question 48

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 48

Weight loss Insomnia Palpitations Muscle weakness Frequent bowel OR bladder movements Diarrhoea, fatigue Heat sensitivity Increased sweating Goitre Exophthalmos Tachycardia Tremor Brisk tendon reflexes Lid lag OR von Gräfe’s sign ## Footnote Example sentence: The patient presented with weight loss, insomnia, and palpitations.

Question 49

Causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 49

Graves’ disease Autoimmune OR increased IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptor and stimulate production of thyroid hormones Excessive iodine supplementation Hypothalamic tumour Pituitary tumour ## Footnote Example sentence: The patient's hyperthyroidism was caused by Graves' disease.

Question 50

Allopathic Treatment for hyperthyroidism

Answer 50

Carbimazole Radioactive iodine β-blockers Surgery ## Footnote Example sentence: The doctor prescribed Carbimazole for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Question 51

Phases of deep wound healing

Answer 51

Inflammatory phase Migration of leukocytes to clean up any microbes and foreign tissue. Blood clot forms and becomes a scab. Epithelial cells migrate to repair the basement membrane. Proliferative phase Granulation tissue is formed with the laying of collagen and blood vessels. Extensive growth and repair of epithelial cells. Remodelling phase Can take three weeks to six months. Scab sloughs off and scar tissue remains (fibrosis). ## Footnote Example sentence: The wound entered the proliferative phase with the formation of granulation tissue.

Question 52

Types of respiration for ATP generation

Answer 52

Aerobic respiration Requires oxygen to generate ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. Each reaction produces 38 ATP molecules. Two ATP molecules used up in the reaction so a net of 36 ATP molecules is produced. Extra detail: Requires a continual blood supply. The oxygen needed comes from breathing. Anaerobic respiration Produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Net of two ATP molecules. Extra detail: Occurs via glycolysis OR breaking down of glucose. Also produces lactic acid which lowers the muscle pH OR causes muscle fatigue. Utilised for intensive short-term activity. ## Footnote Example sentence: The muscles relied on anaerobic respiration during high-intensity exercise.

Question 53

Functions of the liver

Answer 53

Cleansing blood of microbes Detoxification — metabolising drugs, toxins, alcohol Bile production and secretion Haemolysis — Kupffer cells breakdown or destruction of red blood cells Synthesis of plasma proteins — blood clotting and coagulation factors Hormone homeostasis — deactivating all hormones Metabolism of glucose fats, and amino acids Heat production — thermogenesis Synthesis — vitamin A CoQ10 and activation of vitamin D Storage — vitamins, iron, copper, glycogen ## Footnote Example sentence: The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification and metabolism.