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Biomed-Sem 1 - Mock 2 > Mock 2 > Flashcards

Mock 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe ONE key characteristic of active transport

A

Movement from low to high concentration OR up the concentration gradient

Requires energy (ATP)

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2
Q

Describe ONE key feature of the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic tails on inside Phosphate heads on outside Embedded with transmembrane proteins OR fats OR cholesterol

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3
Q

List ONE characteristic of mitosis

A

1 division, 2 daughter cells 46 chromosomes Diploid Identical daughter cells Body cell growth Repair

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4
Q

State ONE function of transmembrane proteins

A

Transport of substances in/out of cells Immunological identity Receptors

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5
Q

Explain the directional term medial

A

Medial nearer to the midline

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6
Q

Name ONE hormone that promotes osteoclast activity

A

Parathyroid hormone (1 mark) - PTH (0.5 marks) Cortisol

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7
Q

What is the name of the canal in compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves?

A

Haversian canal

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8
Q

Describe what happens in impingement syndrome

A

The rotator cuff tendons and/or bursa can become inflamed/damaged.

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9
Q

State TWO signs and/or symptoms associated with gout

A

Redness in big toe Red OR painful OR hot OR swollen joints Shiny skin over joint Tophi OR urate crystals under the skin

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10
Q

List ONE risk factor for the development of osteoporosis

A

GIT diseases OR poor absorption of calcium Post-menopausal Age Poor diet Drugs Genetics Sedentary lifestyle High alcohol consumption Smoking Low body weight Endocrine pathologies

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11
Q

Describe any TWO features of fast glycolytic (FG) skeletal muscle

A

White Anaerobic Least myoglobin Least mitochondria Fatigue quickly Good for weights Large diameter

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12
Q

Name the TWO myofilaments found in skeletal muscle

A

Actin Myosin

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13
Q

State ONE movement created by the psoas muscle

A

Hip flexor Pulls thigh towards trunk

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14
Q

In the pathology myasthenia gravis, what occurs at the motor end plate to prevent a nerve impulse being sent to muscle fibres?

A

Antibodies block acetylcholine receptors

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15
Q

Name ONE hormone that thickens and lengthens the vocal cords

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Explain the role of the mucociliary escalator

A

Mucus traps inhaled particles (0.5 marks) Cilia move the particle-laden mucus towards the oesophagus (0.5 marks) where it can be coughed up or swallowed (0.5 marks) thus protecting the lungs from inhaled pathogens (0.5 marks)

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17
Q

List ONE risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Obesity Smoker Nasal obstruction OR polyps, etc. Alcohol Sedatives

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18
Q

Describe what happens pathologically in pulmonary fibrosis

A

Replacement of the epithelial cell lining in alveoli with fibrotic tissue

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19
Q

A blood donor has a blood group O+. List all the blood groups that can be a recipient of this blood type. You should remember to include the rhesus factor for full marks.

A

AB+ A+ B+ 0+ (Must include ‘+’ to get full marks)

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20
Q

Name the specialised cells responsible for haemolysis in the body

A

Macrophages

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21
Q

List any TWO signs and/or symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Spoon shaped nails Angular stomatitis Glossitis Brittle hair Tachycardia General signs of anaemia – specify these

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22
Q

List ONE cause (not a nutritional deficiency) of megaloblastic anaemia

A

Lack of intrinsic factor (0.5 marks if say IF) Pernicious anaemia Gastrectomy Chronic gastritis Stomach cancer Coeliac disease Chron’s disease Methotrexate Malabsorption Surgical excision

23
Q

State the TWO functions of the sinoatrial node

A

Sets rate and rhythm

24
Q

Describe the impact of vasoconstriction on blood pressure

A

Increases blood pressure

25
Q

Name TWO signs and/or symptoms of a stroke

A

Sudden weakness Numbness Tingling Dysphasia Difficulty speaking Loss of vision Sudden severe headaches Confusion Unsteadiness

26
Q

List ONE cause of left-sided heart failure

A

High blood pressure Myocardial weakness Valve problems

27
Q

In the UK hypertension it is defined as ____ / ____ mmHg or higher

A

140 / 90mmHg

28
Q

State ONE function of goblet cells

A

Secretion of mucus

29
Q

Name ONE nerve plexus located in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Myenteric plexus OR Submucosal plexus

30
Q

Name the group of enzymes involved in phase 1 liver detoxification

A

Cytochrome P450 OR CYP450 enzymes (Full marks will be given if you use abbreviation CYP450 as this

31
Q

State ONE function of goblet cells

A

Secretion of mucus

Example sentence: Goblet cells in the respiratory tract secrete mucus to trap and remove foreign particles.

32
Q

Name ONE nerve plexus located in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Myenteric plexus OR Submucosal plexus

Additional information: The myenteric plexus is responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility.

33
Q

Name the group of enzymes involved in phase 1 liver detoxification

A

Cytochrome P450 OR CYP450 enzymes

Full marks will be given if you use abbreviation CYP450 as this is how we refer to it in your lecture slides.

34
Q

State ONE function of the hormone gastrin in the digestive tract

A

Stimulates gastric juice secretion Stimulates gastric motility

Example sentence: Gastrin plays a key role in regulating the acidity of the stomach.

35
Q

Define the pathology ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

36
Q

State ONE cause of cold sores

A

Herpes simplex virus 1 Stress Steroid use Trauma Local infections UV exposure

37
Q

List TWO trigger foods in gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GORD)

A

Spicy foods Fatty foods Alcohol Caffeine Onions Chocolate Citrus Tomatoes

38
Q

Describe why acute pancreatitis is viewed as a medical emergency

A

Enzymes are activated whilst still inside the pancreas, leading to self-digestion of pancreatic tissue.

39
Q

Describe TWO functions of prolactin

A

Stimulates lactation Prevents pregnancy during lactation Breast maturation after childbirth Matures mammary glands in pregnancy

40
Q

List TWO factors (not TSH) that stimulate the production of thyroid hormones

A

Exercise Stress Malnutrition Low blood glucose Low T3 to T4

41
Q

Name TWO signs and/or symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A

Shaking and/or trembling Sweating Pins and needles in the lips and tongue Extreme hunger Irritability Headache Slurred speech Confusion Tiredness Ketoacidosis Coma

42
Q

Describe TWO ways in which the skin contributes to temperature regulation

A

Sweat glands – water evaporates off skin Blood vessels – vasodilation or vasoconstriction Erector pili muscle cause hair to stand on end trapping layer of air

43
Q

Name ONE pathology that skin tags are commonly associated with

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus OR Polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS

44
Q

List TWO dietary factors that may contribute to the development of acne vulgaris

A

High glucose Dairy

45
Q

State ONE cause of splenomegaly

A

Viral or bacterial infections OR infectious mononucleosis OR malaria. Liver diseases OR cirrhosis Portal vein hypertension. Haemolytic anaemias OR thalassaemia OR sickle cell anaemia. Blood OR lymphatic malignancies OR leukaemia OR Hodgkin’s lymphoma

46
Q

A client presents at the CNM student clinic with pericarditis. Define this condition and state ONE common cause. Describe FOUR signs and symptoms, ONE allopathic treatment, and ONE complication that may occur

A

Acute inflammation of the pericardium Cause: Viral infection OR flu Systemic inflammatory condition OR rheumatoid arthritis Signs/symptoms: Chest pain radiating to the back Chest pain relieved by sitting up OR forward. Chest pain worsened by lying down OR breathing deeply. Dyspnoea when reclining Low-grade fever Weakness Fatigue Feeling nauseous Dry cough Oedema Pericardial friction rub Allopathic Treatment: Rest, Anti-inflammatories OR NSAIDs, Antibiotics (if bacterial), Steroids. Surgical drainage Complications: Constrictive pericarditis Cardiac tamponade (pericardial effusion

47
Q

Give a definition for hyperthyroidism. Describe FOUR signs and/or symptoms. Discuss TWO possible causes and state ONE allopathic treatment that may be used

A

Hyperthyroidism is characterised by hyper-metabolism and elevated serum levels of free thyroid hormones Sign & Symptoms: Nervousness Irritability Hyperactivity Unexplained weight loss Insomnia Palpitations Muscle weakness Frequent bowel OR bladder movements Diarrhoea, fatigue Heat sensitivity Increased sweating Goitre Exophthalmos Tachycardia Tremor Brisk tendon reflexes Lid lag OR von Gräfe’s sign Causes: Graves’ disease Autoimmune OR increased IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptor and stimulate production of thyroid hormones. Excessive iodine supplementation Hypothalamic tumour

48
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss
Insomnia
Palpitations
Muscle weakness
Frequent bowel OR bladder movements
Diarrhoea, fatigue
Heat sensitivity
Increased sweating
Goitre
Exophthalmos
Tachycardia
Tremor
Brisk tendon reflexes
Lid lag OR von Gräfe’s sign

Example sentence: The patient presented with weight loss, insomnia, and palpitations.

49
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease
Autoimmune OR increased IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptor and stimulate production of thyroid hormones
Excessive iodine supplementation
Hypothalamic tumour
Pituitary tumour

Example sentence: The patient’s hyperthyroidism was caused by Graves’ disease.

50
Q

Allopathic Treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

Carbimazole
Radioactive iodine
β-blockers
Surgery

Example sentence: The doctor prescribed Carbimazole for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

51
Q

Phases of deep wound healing

A

Inflammatory phase
Migration of leukocytes to clean up any microbes and foreign tissue. Blood clot forms and becomes a scab. Epithelial cells migrate to repair the basement membrane.
Proliferative phase
Granulation tissue is formed with the laying of collagen and blood vessels. Extensive growth and repair of epithelial cells.
Remodelling phase
Can take three weeks to six months. Scab sloughs off and scar tissue remains (fibrosis).

Example sentence: The wound entered the proliferative phase with the formation of granulation tissue.

52
Q

Types of respiration for ATP generation

A

Aerobic respiration
Requires oxygen to generate ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. Each reaction produces 38 ATP molecules. Two ATP molecules used up in the reaction so a net of 36 ATP molecules is produced. Extra detail: Requires a continual blood supply. The oxygen needed comes from breathing.
Anaerobic respiration
Produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Net of two ATP molecules. Extra detail: Occurs via glycolysis OR breaking down of glucose. Also produces lactic acid which lowers the muscle pH OR causes muscle fatigue. Utilised for intensive short-term activity.

Example sentence: The muscles relied on anaerobic respiration during high-intensity exercise.

53
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Cleansing blood of microbes
Detoxification — metabolising drugs, toxins, alcohol
Bile production and secretion
Haemolysis — Kupffer cells breakdown or destruction of red blood cells
Synthesis of plasma proteins — blood clotting and coagulation factors
Hormone homeostasis — deactivating all hormones
Metabolism of glucose fats, and amino acids
Heat production — thermogenesis
Synthesis — vitamin A CoQ10 and activation of vitamin D
Storage — vitamins, iron, copper, glycogen

Example sentence: The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification and metabolism.

Biomed-Sem 1 - Mock 2 (3 decks)

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