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Infection and Immunity > Mobiliviruses > Flashcards

Mobiliviruses Flashcards

1
Q

what are morbilliviruses?

A

RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae

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2
Q

what are some morbilliviruses?

A
  • measles
  • rinderpest
  • peste des petits ruminants (PPR)
  • canine distemper virus (CDV)
  • phocine distemper virus
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3
Q

what does measles cause?

A

a rash of the skin

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4
Q

what is rinderpest?

A

cattle plague - eradicated by global vaccination

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5
Q

what is PPR?

A

the ovine rinderpest

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6
Q

what is the CDV?

A

hard pad disease

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7
Q

what are the parts of a morbillivirus?

A
  • fusion proteins
  • haemagglutinin
  • matrix protein
  • nucleoprotein
  • genome
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8
Q

who does measles infect?

A

is restricted to humans

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9
Q

what is the incubation period of measles?

A

10-12 days

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10
Q

what does measles cause?

A
  • red blotches on the skin 7-18 days post-exposure, starting at the hairline then spreading across the body
  • appearance of “Koplik’s spots”
  • fever, sneezing and coughing
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11
Q

what are other consequences of measles?

A
  • ear infections (1/10)
  • diarrhoea and pneumonia (1/20)
  • febrile convulsions (1/200)
  • encephalitis (1/1000)
  • fatalities (1/500)
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12
Q

how transmissible is measles?

A

it has the highest transmissible

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13
Q

what is the global impact of measles?

A

one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available

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14
Q

how many deaths do measles cause?

A

122,000 in 2012

330 deaths/day; 14 deaths/h

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15
Q

how much did measles vaccines reduced deaths?

A

78%

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16
Q

when is the first dose of measles vaccine administered?

A

children 12 months or older

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17
Q

when is the second dose of the measles vaccine administered?

A

at least 4 weeks after the first dose

intended to catch the 5% of the vaccinates who failed to respond to the first dose

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18
Q

why do children have to be 12 months or older in order to receive the firs dose?

A

because the immune system has to be developed

19
Q

what are the adverse reactions of the measles vaccines?

A
  • fever 5-10%
  • rash 5%
  • joint symptoms 25%
  • thrombocytopenia 1/25,000 doses
  • parotitis rare
  • encephalopathy 1/1,000,000 doses
20
Q

what does the vaccine have?

A

ATTENUVAX, MUMPSVAX, MERUVAX

21
Q

what is ATTENUVAX?

A

attenuated derivative of Edmonton strain (1954) of measles (passaged 40 times in chick embryo cells)
1968

22
Q

what is MUMPSVAX?

A

attenuated derivative of the Jeryl Lynn strain of mumps passaged in chick embryo cells
1967

23
Q

what is MERUVAX?

A

Wistar RA 27/3 strain of rubella virus passaged in human cells
1965

24
Q

how do you make a mumps vaccine?

A
  1. take a throat swab form a patient with mumps
  2. inoculate into nutrient broth and use to infect embryonate hen’s egg
  3. after several passages in eggs, remove embryo and culture cells
  4. passage virus in chick embryo cells five times
  5. test virus for attenuation and immunogenicity in humans
25
Q

how many hen’s eggs are required to make 300 million doses of influenza vaccine?

A

900 million

26
Q

what is the acute phase of the canine distemper virus?

A
  • transient fever 3-6 days post-infection with lymphopenia/leukopenia
  • second round of fever, nasal and ocular discharges, lethargy and anorexia
  • GI and respiratory signs, secondary bacterial infections
    may develop encephalomyelitis
27
Q

what can dog surviving the acute phase develop?

A

hyperkeratosis of the footpads and nasal plans, enamel hypoplasia in incompletely erupted teeth

28
Q

what may prolonged illness of cDV result in?

A

neurological signs: circling, head tilting, nystagmus, paresis/paralysis, seizures, involuntary muscle twitching, convulsions characterised by salivation, chewing movements

29
Q

why is CDV dangerous?

A

it has a high potential for zoonotic spread

30
Q

what happens if CDV is introduced into a population immune to measles?

A

infection fails to propagate (cross-protection from MeV to CDV)

31
Q

what happens id CDV is introduced into an immunologically naïve population?

A

infection propagates rapidly

32
Q

what is rubulavirus?

A

a genus within the family Paramyxoviridae

33
Q

what is the incubation period of Human Parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?

A

2-7 days

34
Q

what do HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 cause?

A

75% of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, cold like symptoms

35
Q

what does HPIV-3 cause?

A

bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia

36
Q

what does HPIV-4 cause?

A

mild to severe respiratory tract illness

37
Q

how are children protected against HPIV?

A

most children 5 years of age and older have antibodies against HPIV-3 and approx. 75% have antibodies against HPIV-1 and HPIV-2

38
Q

what is henopavirus?

A

a genus within the family Paramyxoviridae

39
Q

what is pneumovirus

A

a genus within the family Paramyxoviridae

40
Q

what is the most important cause of bronchiolitis in children under 1 year of age?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

41
Q

by when should children have a RSV vaccination?

A

by the age of 2

42
Q

what does Metapneumovirus account for?

A

10% of respiratory tract infections that are not related to previously know aetiologies agents

43
Q

how is metapneumovirus distributed?

A

worldwide and seasonal

44
Q

who are at risk of severe disease and hospitalisation by metapneumovirus?

A

children, elderly, immunocompromised people

Infection and Immunity (20 decks)

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