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Infection and Immunity > Fungal Pathogens > Flashcards

Fungal Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

what are saprophytic fungi useful for?

A

degrading and recycling organic matter e.g. lignin and cellulose

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2
Q

what do phytopathogens cause?

A

rusts, smuts, rots, blights, mildews, galls and wilts

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3
Q

what is mycology?

A

the study of fungi

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4
Q

what is medical mycology?

A

the study of fungi pathogenic for humans

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5
Q

what type of cell are yeasts?

A

unicellular fungi, usually oval or round

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6
Q

how do yeasts reproduce?

A

by budding

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7
Q

how do moulds grow?

A

as filaments or hyphae

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8
Q

what is a mycelium?

A

a mass of hyphae

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9
Q

what does it mean fungi are dimorphic?

A

they can grow as yeasts or hyphae

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10
Q

are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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11
Q

other characteristics of fungi?

A
  1. non-motile
  2. non-photosynthetic
  3. have rigid cell walls
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12
Q

what are the causative agents and mycosis of superficial mycosis?

A

Malassezia globosa - tinea versicolor

Candida albicans - candidosis

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13
Q

what are the causative agents and mycoses of cutaneous mycosis?

A

Trichophyton spp. (Dermatophytes) - Athletes foot, ringworm

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14
Q

what are the causative agents and mycosis of subcutaneous mycosis?

A

Sporothrix - sporotrichosis

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15
Q

what are the causative agents and mycosis of systemic mycosis (primary, endemic?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum - Histoplasmosis

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16
Q

what are the causative agents and mycoses of opportunistic mycosis?

A

Candida albicans - candidosis
Aspergillus fumigatus - aspergillosis
Cryoptococcus neoformans - cryptococcosis

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17
Q

what is Pityriasis versicolor?

A

a superficial infection caused by Malassezia species, usually M. globes (M. furfur)

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18
Q

how does yeast reproduce in pityriasis versicolor?

A

by hyphae

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19
Q

does dermal penetration occur in pityriasis versicolor?

A

No

20
Q

risks factors of pityriasis versicolor?

A

endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids seen in normal individuals; climatic factors or sun exposure

21
Q

pityriasis versicolor’s symptoms

A

asymptomatic or mildly pruritic with scaling; confluent macule on the trunk, upper arms, or neck - these may be hypo pigmented or hyper pigmented

22
Q

what is the most prevalent in superficial candida infections?

A

oral and vaginal ‘thrush’ and denture stomatitis

23
Q

how do you treat superficial candida infections?

A

anti fungal treatment and treat predisposed factors (e.g. diabetes) and remove gut reservoir

24
Q

what are dermatophytes?

A

septate branching hyphae

25
Q

what is sporothrix schenkii?

A

chronic cutaneous or lymphocutaneous disease

26
Q

how does the person gets sporothrix schenkii?

A

fungal spores enter through abrasions

27
Q

what are primary pathogens?

A

mould and yeast

28
Q

when are mould and yeast pathogenic?

A

in the environment and in tissue

29
Q

how are systemic infections geographically restricted?

A

mostly in the USA, Central and South America

30
Q

species associated with disease in systemic infections?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitis, Coccidioides immitis

31
Q

what enhances the growth of histoplasma?

A

by bird or bat excreta

32
Q

how do yeasts remain in the lungs in histoplasma capsulate?

A

yeasts remain viable (latent - sub clinical) in lungs for years

33
Q

what are opportunistic fungal infections?

A

most serious fungal infections worldwide

34
Q

are opportunistic fungal infections geographically restricted?

A

No

35
Q

what causes opportunistic infections?

A

candida, aspergillus and crytococcus species

36
Q

what to opportunistic infections infect?

A

hosts with impaired defences

37
Q

recognised risk factors included in opportunistic infections

A
  • malignant disease, AIDS, burns, major surgery
  • organ or bone marrow transplants
  • antibiotic therapy, immunosuppressive therapy
  • indwelling catheters
38
Q

how are systemic candida infections?

A

many are endogenous, and some (e.g. bloodstream) are exogenous

39
Q

where are aspergiullus infections found?

A

in air and soil, but not part of normal flora of humans

40
Q

what do A.fumigatus produce?

A

aerial hyphae bearing conidia (spores)

41
Q

what destroys inhaled conidia?

A

macrophages

42
Q

process of the activity of host defences against Aspergillus?

A
  1. inactive conidia are inhaled
  2. conidia lodge in lower respiratory tract
  3. conidia swell
  4. blocked by macrophages
  5. conidia germinate into hyphae
  6. blocked by neutrophils
  7. hyphae invade tissues
  8. blocked by neutrophils
  9. hyphae invade blood vessels and disseminate
43
Q

what is cryptococcus neoformans?

A

yeasts with a thick polysaccharide capsule

44
Q

what happens during the infection of c. neoformans?

A

the polysaccharide is solubilised

45
Q

what is cryptococcal meningitis?

A

localised in brain and CNS

46
Q

how do agents have to be for anti fungal chemotherapy?

A

must be selectively toxic (more difficult with eukaryotic micro-organisms)

47
Q

what are Amphotericin B or fluconazole used to treat?

A

treating systemic infections

Infection and Immunity (20 decks)

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