Mobility Flashcards
What is a ball and socket joint?
Rounded head of one bone fits into the cup-like cavity in the other bone (shoulder)
What is a condyloid joint?
When the oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone (wrist joint or joints connecting the finger to the palm)
What is a pivot joint?
A ring-like structure that turns on a pivot, such as the joints between the atlas and axis of the neck and between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
What is a saddle joint?
Have bone surfaces that are convex on on side and concave on the other side such as the joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb
What is osteoporosis?
Condition where bone destruction exceeds bone formation and results in thin, porous bones that fracture easily
What does the skeletal system provide storage for?
-Calcium
-Phosphorus
-Magnesium
-Iron
-Lipids
What does the red bone marrow produce?
Red bone marrow in center of bones produces red blood cells, platelets, and macrophages
How do muscle assist with thermoregulation?
Generate heat by contracting muscles
What is a pivot disc?
Used for a client who has strength in lower extremities and is able to stand up
What is atelectasis?
Collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exhange
What are tendons?
They attach muscle to bone
What are ligaments?
Bones to other bones
Why is mobility important?
-use it or lose it
-independence
-health & fitness
- self esteem, body image and self concept
What does the muscular system do?
Permits movement of the body, maintains posture and heat production
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral
What are the 3 types of exercises?
Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic
What is isotonic exercise?
Involves muscle shortening & active movement; ROM muscle extension and shortening
What is isometric exercise?
Involves muscle contraction WITHOUT shortening; tightening muscles (isolation of contraction of muscles ex. Stomach)
What is isokinetic exercise?
Involves muscle contractions with RESISTANCE (lifting weights)
Benefits of exercise for the heart?
Heart pumps efficiently, increased HR, decreased BP and increased blood flow to body
Benefits of exercise for Respiratory?
Increased oxygen to muscles and promotes gas exchange
Benefits of exercise for musculoskeletal?
Prevents bone loss, tones muscles, increase muscle mass and flexibility and longer life expectancy
Benefits of exercise to gastro?
Increased appetite and promotes movements of stools
Benefits of exercise to urinary?
Increased blood circulation to kidneys and promotes balance of body fluids
Benefits of exercise to skin?
Toning and decreased wrinkles
What kind of patients are at risk for immobility?
Elderly, malnourished, prolonged minimal movement or non movement, pain/muscle spasm, cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular problems
Systemic effects of immobility on Cardiovascular system
Decreased cardiac reserve, angina (chest pain), orthostatic hypotension, venous vasodilation & stasis, venous thrombosis, increased cardiac workload
Systemic effects of immobility on Respiratory system
Decreased respiratory movement, decreased tissue oxygenation, secretions accumulate in alveoli, atelectasis, poor gas exchange
Systemic effects of immobility on Musculoskeletal system
Decreased strength & tone, joint stiffness & pain, disuse atrophy, disuse osteoporosis, contracture & ankylosis, decreased coordination, limited endurance
Systemic effects of immobility on Gastrointestinal system
Constipation (slower GI tract, poor defecation reflexes) and obesity (increased food intake & decreased activity)
Systemic effects of immobility on Urinary system
Retention/stasis (must work against gravity), kidney/bladder calculi (stones), UTIs, and urinary incontinence (muscle reflex, overflow)
Systemic effects of immobility on Integumentary system
Risk for skin breakdown, impaired circulation, prolonged pressure over bony prominences, and pressure ulcers
What is stage 1 of pressure ulcers?
Unbroken skin
What is stage 2 of pressure ulcers?
Broken skin, dermis
What is stage 3 of pressure ulcers?
Subcutaneous involvement
What is stage 4 of pressure ulcers?
Muscle/bone involvement
What are the psychosocial effects of immobility?
Decreased self-esteem (Dependence on others, loss of self), emotional lability (mood swings, coping difficulties), cognitive changes (lack of interaction, mental slowing), sensory deprivation
What is subjective data?
See, smell, hear
What is objective data?
Facts
How to prevent systemic complications for Cardiovascular
-Increase activity gradually, based on assessment
-Increase circulation with SCDs, TEDs, A-V impulse boots
-Do NOT massage calves or hold limb at belly of muscle
-Elevate legs on pillows
How to prevent systemic complications for Respiratory
-Monitor pulse oximetry
-Incentive spirometry
-Turn, cough, deep breathe (TCDB)
-Respiratory treatment
How to prevent systemic complications for Musculoskeletal
-Circulation, sensation, motion (CSM)
-ROM to resistance, never pain
-Support limbs & Joints
-Use footboard, linen loose on toes
-Know activity order
-Know fall assessment results (risk)
-If patient falls, assist to floor
How to prevent systemic complications for Metabolic
-Assess Ht/Wt every week
-Intake/Output every 8-12 hours
-Calorie count
-Laboratory tests (albumin, protein, ca++)
-Monitor diet
How to prevent systemic complications for Gastrointestinal
-Assess bowel sounds, BM, abdomen
-Exercise patient
-Fluids to 2000ml/day
-Gradually increase activity as tolerated
-Consider asking MD for order for stool softener
How to prevent systemic complications for Urinary
-Prevent urinary stasis
-Perineal care bin &pen
-Monitor labs (ca++, WBC, urine pH & SG)
-Monitor for infection (cloudy urine, frequency, burning)
How to prevent systemic complications for integumentary
-Assess CSM
-Foot cradle
-Heels off the bed
-Position changed with padding
-Avoid shearing/friction
-Clean, dry bedding
-Monitor nutrition/correct anemia
How often should you turn a patient ?
Every 2 hours
What does turning every 2 hours do for a patient?
Prevent them from getting bed sores
When a client begins to fall what action should the nurse take?
Extend one leg and allow the client to slide down the leg to the floor
At what degree should a clients elbows be flexed when being fitted for crutches?
30 degrees
What is hyperextension of the hip?
Move their leg behind their body
When using a walker what leg is moved first?
The weaker leg; first you move the walker then your weaker leg
When using a cane what side is she using the cane on?
On the unaffected side; first move the affected leg and meet up with cane, and then move unaffected leg ahead of cane
