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Fundamentals Of Nursing > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is infection?

A

Invasion of the body, or part of the body by a pathogenic agent producing an injurious effect

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism capable of producing disease

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3
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Most significant and most prevalent in hospital setting

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4
Q

What shape is a spherical bacteria?

A

Cocci

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5
Q

What is rod shaped bacteria called?

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

What is the corkscrew bacteria shape called?

A

Spirochetes

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7
Q

If bacteria is gram positive what color does it turn?

A

Violet; have a thick cell wall that resists decolorization (loss of color)

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8
Q

If bacteria is gram negative what happens?

A

They chemically have more complex cell walls and can’t be decolorized by alcohol

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9
Q

What is aerobic?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow

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10
Q

What is anaerobic?

A

Bacteria that can live without oxygen

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11
Q

What is a virus?

A

Smallest of all microorganisms

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12
Q

What is fungi?

A

Plant-like organisms present in air, soil, and water; they are highly resistant (ex. Yeast infection, athletes foot)

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13
Q

what are prions?

A

Protein particle (new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

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14
Q

What are parasites?

A

Protozoa (malaria, toxoplasmosis, and helminths (worms, flatworms, roundworms)

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15
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

May become pathogenic in certain circumstances

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16
Q

What is virulence?

A

Relative power and degree of pathogenicity; ability to produce disease

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17
Q

What are the factors affecting an organisms potential to produce disease?

A
  1. Number of organisms
  2. Virulence
  3. Competence of person’s immune system
  4. Length and intimacy of contact between person and microorganism
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18
Q

What are Healthcare-associated Infection (HAI)?

A

Acquired in healthcare agency during course of treatment for other infections; no noted as being present upon admission

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19
Q

What is nosocomial?

A

Infection taking place or originating while in hospital

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20
Q

What is an Iatrogenic infection?

A

Acquired as a direct result of treatment/procedure (ex. Inserting Fowler catheter)

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21
Q

What are the 6 Chain of infection?

A
  1. Infectious Agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Means of transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Susceptible host
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22
Q

What is Infectious agent?

A

Infectious organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

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23
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Source of microorganism where they grow and multiply; such as people, animals, soil, insects, food, water, milk, inanimate objects, and plants

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24
Q

What is portal of exit?

A

Point of escape from reservoir such as respiratory, GI,GU, or reproductive tract, breaks in skin (wound), blood and tissue

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25
Q

What is Means of transmission?

A

Process of how microorganism transfers from reservoir (direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route)

26
Q

What is portal of entry?

A

Point at which organisms enter a new host

27
Q

What is a susceptible host?

A

Any person who is at risk for infection—being in a weakened condition from illness or injury; very young, very old, especially at risk

28
Q

What are the 3 methods of transmission?

A

Contact (direct or indirect), Droplet, and Airborne

29
Q

What is direct contact?

A

Infected person or CARRIER transmission to susceptible person (HOST) through touching, bitting, kissing, sex act, scratching, etc.

30
Q

What is indirect contact?

A

Contact with any contaminated substance or object: finite (inanimate object)

31
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

Large particle droplets that don’t remain in the air (ex. Coughing and sneezing)

32
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Smaller particle droplets that remain in the air (ex. TB)

33
Q

What is a protective environment?

A

Helps protect clients who are immunocompromised, requires a mask for the client when out of room, not a type of precaution but an intervention, and requires a private room, positive airflow 12 or more air-exchanges/hr and HEPA filtration for incoming air

34
Q

What are vector-arthropods contact transmission?

A

Fleas feed on rats infected with the plague contracting the plague then bites people to feed again passing it on to a human victor with their saliva (mosquitos-malaria, West Nile virus) (ticks-Lyme disease)

35
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Full stage of illness
  4. Convalescent period
36
Q

What is incubation?

A

Interval between the pathogen invasion of the body & appearance of s/s

37
Q

What is prodromal?

A

Most infectious state (nonspecific s/s)

38
Q

What is full stage of illness?

A

Full blown symptoms (specific symptoms)

39
Q

What is convalescent period?

A

Recovery, depending on how severe the infection was

40
Q

What is the bodies first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membrane (intact skin, sebum, cilia, mucus, macrophages, flush of urine, gastric acidity, normal flora (everywhere)

41
Q

What is nonspecific inflammatory?

A

Defensive response to injury or infection,
Destroys microorganisms, Prevents spread, promotes repair, and has vascular and cellular stages

42
Q

What is the vascular stage of nonspecific inflammatory?

A

Small blood vessels constrict in area followed by vasodilation of arterioles & venules that supply that area & increase blood flow resulting in redness and heat; histamine is released which increases permeability of vessels that allows protein rich fluid in area

43
Q

What is the cellular stage of nonspecific inflammatory?

A

WBC (leukocytes) move quickly into the area. Neutrophils (phagocytes) engulf organisms & consume cell debris. Exudate released from wound. The damaged cells are repaired by either regeneration or formation of scar tissue

44
Q

What is native immunity in nonspecific innate?

A

Restricts entry or immediately responds to foreign organism through activation of phagocyte cells, complements of inflammation

45
Q

What is passive (nonspecific innate)?

A

Antibodies produced by external source; temp immunity that does not have memory of past exposure, 1st line of defense, mucus membranes, inflammatory response

46
Q

What is specific adaptive immunity?

A

Allows body to make antibodies in response to foreign organisms or antigen

47
Q

What is active (specific adaptive immunity)?

A

Antibody produced in response to antigen; requires time to react with antigens, provides permanent immunity, involves b&t lymphocytes, produces specific antibodies against specific antigens, host produces antibodies with exposure or immunization

48
Q

What is antibody mediated or humoral (specific innate immunity) ?

A

B lymphocytes make antibodies that bind to foreign invader (antigen) and kill it while it is traveling in the body’s fluid (active immunity)

49
Q

What is cell mediated (specific adaptive immunity)?

A

Several types of T cells take on the foreign invader once it has made into the body’s cell ultimately killing the pathogen and patient’s own cell (active immunity)

50
Q

What is contact transmission used used with?

A

Used with patients infected with Multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO)

51
Q

What is droplet transmission based precaution used for?

A

Used with patients infected with organisms spread by coughing large droplets (mumps, rubella, diphtheria)

52
Q

What is airborne transmission based precautions used for?

A

Used with patients infected with small organisms that build up in and spread through the air (TB)

53
Q

What type of PPE do you use for standard base precautions?

A

Gloves

54
Q

What type of PPE do you use with airborne ?

A

Private room with negative pressure airflow and N-95 mask

55
Q

What type of PPE do you use for contact transmission based precautions?

A

Private room if available and gloves

56
Q

How do you support defenses of susceptible host?

A

Hygiene, healthy nutrition, fluids (promotes circulation and especially urinary tract function, rest & sleep, exercise and immunizations

57
Q

What infection or disease may spread by touching a contaminated inanimate article?

A

A. Rabies
B. Giardia
C. E. Coli
D. Influenza

= D. Influenza

58
Q

True or False: soaps and detergents (no anti microbial agents) are considered adequate for routine mechanical cleansing of the hands and removal of most transient microorganisms

A

True

59
Q

True or False: standard precautions should be used when caring for noninfectious, postoperative patient who is vomiting blood

A

True

60
Q

A nurse is assisting with teaching a newly licensed nurse about hand hygiene for surgical asepsis. Which of the following instruction should the nurse include?

A

Apply chlorhexidine and ethanol to the hands

Fundamentals Of Nursing (9 decks)

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