MOA

Question 1

Loperamide- Imodium A-D
Antidiarrheal

Answer 1

Binds to the opioid receptor and acts directly on circular and longitudinal intestinal muscles, inhibiting peristalsis and prolonging transit time. Also reduces fecal volume, increases viscosity and bulk density, and decreases fluid and electrolyte loss. Has antisecretory activity and increases anal sphincter tone.

Question 2

Bisacodyl- Dulcolax
Laxative stimulant

Answer 2

Directly stimulates peristalsis by irritating intestinal smooth muscle
Alters water and electrolyte secretion resulting in net intestinal fluid accumulation

Question 3

Senna- Ex-Lax, Senokot
Laxative stimulant

Answer 3

Stimulant laxative induces defecation by stimulating peristalsis in the intestine via direct action on intestinal mucosa or nerve plexus; therefore increasing motility

Question 4

docusate sodium–Colace
stool softener

Answer 4

Reduces surface tension of the oil-water interface
Enhanced incorporation of water and fat
Stool softening

Question 5

Polyethylene Glycol 3350–Miralax
osmotic laxative

Answer 5

Causes water retention in the stool and increases stool frequency

Question 6

Ferrous Sulfate—Feosol- Generics?
Iron Preparation

Answer 6

Restore body iron stores needed for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other body processes

Question 7

Esomeprazole- Nexium
Pantoprazole- Protonix
PPI

Answer 7

Blocks the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells

Question 8

Adalimumab- Humira
Etanercept- Enbrel
Monoclonal Antibody/ TNF Blocking Agent

Answer 8

Binds to human soluble TNF-alpha, preventing its binding to receptors and subsequent cytokine-driven inflammatory processes

Question 9

Hydroxychloroquine–Plaquenil
Antimalarial, aminoquinoline

Answer 9

Increasing the pH and interfering with lysosomal degradation of hemoglobin
Inhibits locomotion of neutrophils and chemotaxis of eosinophils
Impairs complement-dependent antigen-antibody reactions

Question 10

Methotrexate–Rheumatrex
Antimetabolite (Antifolate)

Answer 10

Binds to and inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Interfering with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication

Question 11

Allopurinol–Zyloprim
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

Answer 11

Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsibe for converting hypoxanthine to uric acid, thus reducing uric acid levels

Question 12

Metoclopramide- Reglan
Antiemetic

Answer 12

Increasing upper GI tissue response to acetylcholine increase GI motility and accelerates gastric emptying

Blocks dopamine receptors (at higher doses) and serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the CNS

Question 13

Ondansetron- Zofran
Antiemetic

Answer 13

5-HT3 receptor antagonist peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone

Question 14

Dicyclomine–Bentyl
Anticholinergic Agent

Answer 14

Blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic acetylcholine receptor sites in smooth muscle, secretory glands and the CNS, thereby relieving smooth muscle spasms in the GI tract

Question 15

Trentinoin–Atralin, Renova, Retin-A
Retinoic acid derivative

Answer 15

Modifies epithelial growth and differentiation by decreasing cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells > decreased microcomedo formation;
Stimulates mitotic activity > increased follicular epithelial cell turnover

Question 16

Latanoprost- Xalatan
Trevoprost- Travatan
Prostaglandin

Answer 16

Prostoglandin F2-alpha analogue
Reduces intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor

Question 17

hydrocodone/acetaminophen–VicodinNorco
Analgesic combination (Opioid)

Answer 17

Hydrocodone: mu opioid receptor agonist
Acetaminophen: activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS

Question 18

Phenzopyridine–Pyridium
Analgesic, Urinary

Answer 18

Excreted in the urine where it exerts a topical analgesic effect on urinary tract mucosa

Question 19

Mupirocin–Bactroban
Antibiotic, Topical

Answer 19

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase

Question 20

Dolutegravir–Tivicay
Integrase Inhibitor (INSTI)

Answer 20

Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration

Question 21

Tenofovir alafenamide
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)

Answer 21

Acts as an analog of adenosine, interfering with viral replication of DNA

Question 22

Emtricitabine
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

Answer 22

Acts as an analog of cytidine, interfering with viral replication of DNA

Question 23

Bictegravir
Integrase Inhibitor (INSTI)

Answer 23

Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration

Question 24

Darunavir
Protease Inhibitor (PI)

Answer 24

Binds to the site of HIV-1 protease activity and inhibits cleavage of polyprotein precursors into functional HIV proteins

Question 25

Cobicistat
Boosting agent

Answer 25

Inhibits CYP3A4, increasing systemic exposure of HIV drugs that are CYP3A substrates

Question 26

Rilpivirine
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)

Answer 26

Binds to reverse transcriptase enzyme, blocking HIV-1 replication

Question 27

Elvitegravir
Integrase Inhibitor (INSTI)

Answer 27

Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration

Question 28

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)

Answer 28

Analog of adenosine, interfering with viral replication of DNA