MNT Exam Vocab Flashcards
Creatinine
is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced and excreted at a fairly constant rate by the body.
Kidney maintain the blood creatinine in a normal range.
Elevated levels signifies impaired kidney function.
Osmolarity
Osmotic concentration
The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter (solvent).
The higher the osmolarity, the more solute in the solvent. Think thicker solution.
Osmolality
A measure of the number of dissolved particles per unit of water in serum.
A LOW serum osmolality means a higher than usual amount of water in relation to the amount of particles dissolved in it.
Think, the lower the number, the LESS particles in the water. More water, over hydrated.
Low–> over hydration and edema
High–> deficient fluid volume of cells
Syncope
temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure
Malignant
very virulent or infectious.
Stomatitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
Opportunistic Infection (OIs)
Infections that occur MORE FREQUENTLY and are MORE SEVERE in individuals with weakened immune systems, including people with HIV.
Usually doesn’t affect patients with healthy immune systems.
Think, a weak immune system presents an “opportunity” for the pathogen to infect.
Dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Pleural effusion
a buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest
TIA
—(Transient Ischemic Attack)
A brief stroke-like attack that, despite resolving within minutes to hours, still requires immediate medical attention to distinguish from an actual stroke.
Diuresis
the production of excessive amounts of urine
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG)
Is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease or CHD.
Helps to improve blood flow to the heart.
Cancer promoters
promotes the proliferation of cancer (cell growth) throughout the body.
Promoters take advantage of genetic mutations and cause cells to grow rapidly.
Metastatic
having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from the primary site (place where it started) to other places in the body
Neoplasm
literally means “new growth”;
an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
Emesis
the action or process of vomiting
Cachexia
weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility (physical weakness) that can occur during a chronic disease
Mucositis
inflammation of a mucous membrane
Carcinoma
A type of cancer that develops in the tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
You can actually see the tumor bump.
Benign
not harmful in effect; in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant
Candidiasis
a fungal infection typically on the skin or mucous membranes caused by candida
Leukopenia
a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases
Thrombocytopenia
a deficiency of platelets in the blood.
This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury
Achlohydria
refers to states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive organs is absent or low
Azotorrhea
is the excessive discharge of nitrogenous substances in the feces or urine
Blind loop (syndrome)
occurs when part of the small intestine forms a loop that food bypasses during digestion. The presence of this “blind loop” means food may not move normally through the digestive tract
Bilroth II
is an operation in which the greater curvature of the stomach is connected to the first part of the jejunum in a side-to-side manner
Dyspepsia
vague upper abdominal symptoms that may include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching
Flatulence
perceived excess gas in the intestinal tract
Meconium-ileus
is a bowel obstruction that occurs when the meconium in a person’s intestine is even thicker and stickier than normal meconium, creating a blockage in the ileum.
Pyloric sphincter
is a thin, circular band of visceral muscle surrounding the pyloric opening at the inferior end of the stomach
Stasis
a period or state of inactivity or equilibrium
Steatorrhea
the excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces owing to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine
Stenosis
the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body
Vagotomy
a surgical operation in which one or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut typically to reduce the rate of gastric secretion
Ascites
the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling
Colonscopy
a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon)
Sigmoidoscopy
is a procedure used to see inside the sigmoid colon and rectum. The sigmoid colon is the area of the large intestine nearest the rectum
Endoscopy
is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person’s digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, your doctor can view pictures of your digestive tract on a color TV monitor
Hemamesis
the vomiting of blood
Gastrostomy
is the creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression
Think PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy)–a tube placed in the abdomen straight into the stomach for NS.
Alopecia
sudden hair loss that starts with one or more circular bald patches that may overlap
Osmotic diarrhea
a form of diarrhea associated with water retention in the bowel resulting from an accumulation of nonabsorbable water-soluble substances
Portacaval shunt
is a treatment for high blood pressure in the liver.
A connection is made between the portal vein, the vein that supplies 75% of blood to the liver, and the inferior vena cava, the vein that drains blood from the lower 2/3s of the body.
Cholelithiasis
AKA: gallstones
A hardened deposit within the fluid in the gallbladder, a small organ under the liver. It is a concentration of bile components.
Non-heme iron
60 percent of the iron in animal tissue and all the iron in plants is less well absorbed; not as bioavailable than heme iron
Found in plants and fortified foods.
Glycogenesis
is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage
Anabolism
is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units
Catabolism
is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions
Gluconeogenesis
a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids
Glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose
Glycolysis
is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate
