Mnemonics

Question 1

Beta blockers non/selective:

Answer 1

A through N: B1 selective: Acebutalol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol.

O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective: Pindolol, Propanalol, Timolol.

Question 2

_Classification I to IV

Answer 2

“MBA College” In order of class I to IV:

Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers

Question 3

amiodarone action and se’s:

Answer 3

6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

Question 4

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions

Answer 4

ABCDE:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Question 5

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers

Answer 5

"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol

Question 6

Warfarin: metabolism

Answer 6

SLOW:
--- Has a slow onset of action.
--- A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.
Small lipid-soluble molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of administration.
Warfarin

Question 7

Antimuscarinics: members, action

Answer 7

"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":
Ipratropium
Pirenzepine
Atropine
Scopolamine
---- Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

Question 8

Beta 1 selective blockers

Answer 8

"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":
Beta 1 blockers:
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metropolol

Question 9

Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines

Answer 9

DINED:
Dopamine
Isoproterenol
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dobutamine

Question 10

Morphine: effects at mu receptor

Answer 10

PEAR:
Physical dependence 
Euphoria 
Analgesia 
Respiratory depression

Question 11

Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. pyridostigmine

Answer 11

eDrophonium is for Diagnosis.

pyRIDostigmine is to get RID of symptoms.

Question 12

Opiods: mu receptor effects

Answer 12

"MD CARES":
Miosis
Dependency
Constipation
Analgesics
Respiratory depression
Euphoria
Sedation

Question 13

Phenobarbitone: side effects

Answer 13

Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression).
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).

Question 14

Phenytoin: adverse effects

Answer 14

PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache

Question 15

Sodium valproate: side effects

Answer 15

VALPROATE:
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

Question 16

Bleomycin: action

Answer 16

“Bleo-Mycin Blows My DNA to bits”:
Bleomycin works by fragmenting DNA (blowing it to bits).
My DNA signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells)

Question 17

Therapeutic index: formula

Answer 17

TILE:

TI = LD50 / ED50

Question 18

Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones)

Answer 18

“PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount”:
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
Zero order
—- Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)

Question 19

Ohm’s Law

Answer 19

“Virgins Are Rare”:

Volts = Amps x Resistance

Question 20

Ideal gas law

Answer 20

“Pure Virgins Never Really Tire”:

PV=nRT

Question 21

Electric units

Answer 21

"Vaulting John Says: 'Ann Can Sing OVA'. What Just Sing? And Vault.":
Volts = Joules/Sec
Amps = Coulombs/Sec
Ohms = Volts/Amp
Watts = Joules/Sec=Amps x Volts

Question 22

Work: formula

Answer 22

"Lots of Work gets me Mad!":
Work = Mad:
M=Mass
a=acceleration
d=distance

Question 23

Heart electrical conduction pathway

Answer 23

“If patient’s family are all having Heart attacks, you must SAVe HIS KIN!”

SA node —>
AV node —>
His (bundle of) –>
PurKINje fibers

Question 24

Heart valves: closure sequence

Answer 24

“Many Things Are Possible”:

Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Question 25

Temperature control: cerebral regions

Answer 25

“High Power Air Conditioner”:
Heating = Posterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus].
Anterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus] = Cooling.

Question 26

Compliance of lungs factors

Answer 26

COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size*
Increased expanding pressure
Age*
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema*

—- All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Question 27

Erector spinae muscles

Answer 27

"I Love Sex":
--From lateral to medial:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
=== Alternatively: "I Long for Spinach"
=== "Sex" helps you think of "Erector", but "Long" and "Spinach" help you remember the muscles' names.

Question 28

Spinal cord: length in vertebral column

Answer 28

SCULL:

Spinal Cord Until L2 (LL).

Question 29

Spinal anesthesia agents

Answer 29

"Little Boys Prefer Toys":
Lidocaine
Bupivicaine
Procaine
Tetracaine

Question 30

Cranial and spinal neural crest: major derivatives

Answer 30

GAMES:
Glial cells (of peripheral ganglia)
Arachnoid (and pia)
Melanocytes
Enteric ganglia
Schwann cells
Knowledge Level

Question 31

Horner’s syndrome: components

Answer 31

SAMPLE:
Sympathetic chain injury
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
Loss of ciliospinal reflex
Enophthalmos

Question 32

Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs

Answer 32

Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
By default, Fasciculus Cuneatus must be for upper limbs