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FRCA > Mnemonics > Flashcards

Mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs of vomiting centre

A

CHILL - Barf Prep

CTZ, higher cortical centres, GIT, labyrinth, limbic system, baroreceptors, peripheral pain pathways

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2
Q

Liver functions

A

BSC SMID

Biotransformation, synthetic, capacitance, storage, metabolic, immunological, digestive.

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3
Q

Hypoxia

A

HASH

Hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, histotoxic

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4
Q

Osmolality and osmolarity

A

OsmoLality in the Lab but not in Litres

Osmolality = osmoles/kg of solvent (more accurate as not temperature dependent) 
Osmolarity = osmoles/L of solution
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5
Q

Describing a drug

A

Physicochemical: chemical structure, presentation, storage
Indications, contraindications, dose, toxicity
PD: mechanism, effects by system
PK: ADME

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6
Q

Mechanisms of heat loss

A

RCECR

Radiation (40%), convection (30), evaporation (15), conduction (10), respiration (5).

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7
Q

Layers of adrenal cortex

A

GFR ACT

Glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis (outer to inner)
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids), cortisol (glucocorticoids), testosterone (androgens) respectively
Medulla makes NA and A from chromaffin cells

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8
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

A

Paternity: Long Live DNA

Phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, NA, A

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9
Q

Roles of endothelium

A

V SCOF BID

Vasomotor tone, secretion (ACE) coagulation (damage –> exposure of tissue factor), osmosis, filtration, barrier, inflammation, diffusion

Types: continuous (BBB), discontinuous (sinusoids), fenestrated (glomeruli)

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10
Q

Risks of transfusion

A

RIM(ember): Transfusion Has Its Downsides

Reactions (haemolytic, febrile), infection (bacterial, viral, parasite, prion), metabolic (low Ca, high K, acidosis if liver failure), TRALI/TACO/GVHD, hypothermia, iron overload, depletion of platelets/clotting factors (5 and 8).

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11
Q

RBC storage solutions

A

ACCS

ACD, CPD, CAPD, SAGM (in order of increasing RBC survival)

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12
Q

Coagulation: classical and cell based

A

XTF (“Cross the line To Finish”)

X to Xa, prothrombin to thrombin, fibrinogen to fibrin –> clot
Cell based: initiation, amplification, propagation

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13
Q

Oral hypoglycaemics

A

Big Tall Sugar Daddy Mega Increased Adiposity

Increase insulin sensitivity

  • Biguanides (metformin)
  • Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone)

Increase insulin secretion

  • Sulphonylureas (gliclazide)
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (sitagliptin)
  • Meglitinides (repaglinide)
  • Incretin mimetics (exenatide)

Other
- Alpha glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose) - reduce carbohydrate absorption

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14
Q

Mechanisms of drug action

A

RENT-a-HIP

Receptors, enzymes, neurotransmitters, transport systems, hormones, ion channels, physicochemical.

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15
Q

Factors influencing drug absorption (and passage across placenta)

A

CLIPPR-M

Concentration gradient (Fick’s law), lipid solubility, ionisation and pKa, protein binding, route of administration, molecular weight (Graham’s law).

Extra factors for placenta:

  • pH maternal blood and fetal blood (more acidotic fetus means more basic drugs will cross e.g. opioids and LAs –> ion trapping)
  • placental blood flow

Also thickness of membrane and surface area.

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16
Q

Fentanyl/alfentanil comparison

A

DOC PIP VELD

Dose, onset, clearance, pKa, ionisation, protein binding, Vd, elimination t1/2, lipid solubility, duration.

17
Q

Laminar vs turbulent flow

A

LV has DTs

Laminar - viscosity most important
Turbulent - density most important

18
Q

Paediatrics

A

WET FLAG

Weight = (age + 4) x 2 --> superseded
Energy = 4J/kg 
Tube = uncuffed diameter = (age/4) + 4; length = (age/2) + 12 (or +15 for nasal) 
Fluids = 20ml/kg 
Lorazepam = 0.1mg/kg 
Adrenaline = 0.1ml/kg of 1:10:000; atropine = 20mcg/kg
Glucose = 5ml/kg of 10%

BP = (age x 2) + 80 (median systolic value)

Fluid deficit: each % deficit means 10ml/kg deficit to be replaced over 48h

19
Q

Receptor types

A

Let’s Go To India

Ligand gated ion channel (nAChR, GABA-A), G-protein coupled (opioid, adrenoceptors, mAChR), tyrosine kinase (insulin), intracellular (steroid, thyroxine)
In order of increasing time taken for response (ms, s, min, hours)

20
Q

ICU daily review

A

FLATCHUG

Feed/fluids, lines/devices, analgesia/aperients/abx, thromboprophylaxis, communication, hydration/head up, ulcer prophylaxis, glycaemic control

21
Q

Difficult BMV

A

OBESE

Obese, bearded, elderly (>55), snorers, edentulous

22
Q

Surgical sieve

A

VITAMIN CDEF

V: vascular
I: infective/Inflammatory
T: traumatic
A: autoimmune
M: metabolic
I: iatrogenic/idiopathic
N: neoplastic
C: congenital
D: degenerative/developmental
E: endocrine/environmental
F: functional
23
Q

Difficult LMA insertion

A

RODS

Restricted mouth opening, obstruction, distorted anatomy, stiff lungs or C-spine

24
Q

Difficult front of neck access

A

SHORT

Surgery, haematoma, obese, radiation, tumour

25
Q

Causes of PPH

A

4 Ts

Tone, tissue, trauma, thrombin

26
Q

3 Es of APLS

A

Effort - WOB, RR, recession, grunting, flared nostrils, accessory muscles
Efficacy - air entry, chest expansion, exhaustion, SpO2
Effectiveness - heart rate/cardiovascular status, mental status

27
Q

Valvular heart disease goals

A

Regurgitant: full, fast + forward

Stenotic (inc HCM, and PHTN): full, slow + tight

28
Q

Cytotoxics

A

PASTA HAM

Platinum-based agents (cisplatin) - alter ca cell DNA
Alkaloids (vinca alkaloids) - block cell division
Steroids (dex) - damage lymphoma cells
Topoisomerase inhibitors (etoposide) - interfere with transcription/replication
Antitumour antibiotics (doxorubicin)
Hormones (tamoxifen, finasteride) - oestrogen receptor modulator, 5 alpha reductase inhibitor respectively
Antimetabolites (methotrexate) - mimic nitrogenous bases to stop cell division
Monoclonal antibodies (rituximab) - attach to ca cells to increase immune response

Example regimes
NHL: CHOP (cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin (doxorubicin), oncovin (vincristine), prednisolone
HL: ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine)

29
Q

Immunosuppressants

A

SCAT

Steroids - methylpred - inhibit T cell lymphokine production; Cushing’s
Calcineurin inhibitors - ciclosporin, tac - prevent T cell activation/cell-mediated immune reactions; nephro/neurotoxic, HTN, DM, hyperkalaemia, enhance NMBs
Antiproliferative - MMF, aza - inhibit T/B cells; myelosuppression, antagonise NMBs, hepatotoxic
Target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitors - sirolimus - prevent T/B cell activation; HTN, oedema, diarrhoea

All increase skin and lymphoproliferative malignancy and predispose to infection.

30
Q

Types of sickle cell crisis

A

VASH

Vaso-occlusive - classic sickling, ischaemia, organ damage e.g. acute chest syndrome
Aplastic - acutely worsening anaemia - often caused by parvovirus B19, low retics
Sequestration - splenic, childhood, normal or high retics
Haemolytic - common with co-existent G6PD

31
Q

Cholinergic side effects

A

Cholinergic (caused by anticholinesterases): DUMBBELS

Diarrhoea/diaphoresis 
Urination
Meiosis/muscle weakness
Bronchospasm 
Bradycardia
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation
32
Q

Nerves for scalp block

A

7 nerves: GGL SSAZ

From C2:
Greater auricular
Greater occipital
Lesser occipital

Trigeminal: 
Supraorbital (Vi)
Supratrochlear (Vi) 
Auriculotemporal (Viii)
Zygomaticotemporal (Vii)
33
Q

ETT/ventilation problem

A

DOPES

Displacement 
Obstruction 
Pneumothorax 
Equipment 
Stomach
34
Q

Diaphragm

A

Student Loans Company Loves My Money

Muscular portion

  • Sternal (from xiphoid)
  • Lumbar (R and L crura from vertebral bodies L1-3)
  • Costal (cartilages of T6-12)

Arcuate ligaments

  • Lateral (quadratus lumborum)
  • Medial (psoas)
  • Median (between crura)

Openings
T8 - IVC, R phrenic
T10 - oesophagus, vagi, gastric vessels
T12 - aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct

35
Q

Pacemakers

A

PSRRA

Pacing 
Sensing 
Response 
Rate modulation 
Anti-tachycardia pacing
36
Q

Autoregulation theories

A

M and Ms Are Easily Hidden

Metabolic (K+/H+/lactate)
Myogenic (smooth muscle)
Autonomic (alpha 1/beta 2)
Endothelial (NO/PGI2 vasodilate vs. TXA2, endothelin vasoconstrict)
Hormonal (ANP vasodilates, angiotensin II vasoconstricts)

37
Q

Response to blood loss

A

No Has Hamburger

Neuronal: vasoconstriction, venous reservoir constriction, baroreceptor activation
Hormonal: reduced RA stretch, ANP falls, ADH rises; RAAS activation
Haematological: dilutional anaemia from water resorption, increased epo production

38
Q

MEN

A

1: pit, pan, para
2a: para, ad, thy
2b: ad, thy, Marfanoid

2a/2b and von Hippel Lindau get phaeos.

39
Q

Trauma history

A

AMPLE

Allergies
Medications 
Past medical history 
Last meal 
Events

FRCA (11 decks)

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