Mnemonics Flashcards
Causes of Pancreatitis
I GET SMASHED
I GET SMASHED
I: idiopathic G: gallstones E: ethanol (alcohol) T: trauma S: steroids M: mumps (and other infections) / malignancy A: autoimmune S: scorpion stings/spider bites H: hyperlipidaemia/hypercalcaemia (metabolic disorders) E: ERCP D: drugs
Causes of abdominal distension
6 F’s
- Foetus
- Faeces
- Flatus
- Fluid
- Fat
- Fucking big tumour
Causes of APO
MADHATTER
M: myocardial infarct A: anaemia D: drugs or dietary high fluid or salt intake H: hypertension A: arrhythmias T: thyrotoxicosis T: toxic i.e. infection E: endocarditis or embolism (pulmonary) R: renal failure or pregnancy (‘ruptured placenta’)
Complications of Cirrhosis
VARICES
V: varices A: anemia R: renal failure I: infection C: coagulopathy E: encephalopathy S: sepsis
PADL and DADL
DEATH SHAFT
D: dressing/bathing E: eating A: ambulating (walking) T: toileting H: hygiene
S: shopping H: housework A: accounting F: food prep/medications T: transport
Features of Multiple Myeloma
CRAB
C: calcium high
R: renal failure
A: anaemia
B: bony lesions
Aortic stenosis
S: syncope
A: angina
D: dyspnoea
Acute management of MI
MONA
M: morphine
O: oxygen (aim for sats of 94-96)
N: nitrates (GTN)
A: aspirin
Extended: MONASH
S: streptokinase (anti-platelet)
H: heparin (anti-coagulation)
Features of Marfan’s
MARFANS
M: mitral prolapse A: aortic dissection R: regurgitant aortic valve F: fingers long (arachnodactyly) A: arm span>height N: nasal voice (high arched palate) S: sternal excavation
Triad for Wernicke’s
GOA
G: global confusion
O: ophthalmoplegia
A: ataxia
Causes of heart failure
HEART FAILED
H: hypertension (common)
E: endocarditis/environment (e.g. heat wave)
A: anemia
R: rheumatic heart disease and other valvular disease
T: thyrotoxicosis
F: failure to take meds (very common)
A: arrhythmia (common)
I: infection/Ischemia/Infarction (common)
L: lung problems (PE, pneumonia, COPD)
E: endocrine (pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism)
D: diet (common)
Causes of GI bleeding
ABCDEFGHI
A: angiodysplasia B: bowel cancer C: colitis D: diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer E: epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices) F: fistula (anal, aortaenteric) G: gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis) H: haemorrhoids I: infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ischaemic bowel
Primary hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)
Moans: psychosis Groans: (abdominal) N+V, indigestion Bones: bone pain Thrones: polyuria & constipation Stones: renal calculi
Hyponatremia
TACTL
T - twitching, tremors, weakness A - abdominal cramps C - cool, pale skin T - tachycardia L - reduced LOC, lethargy, confusion
Hypernatremia
TRIP
T - twitching, tremors, hyperreflexia
R - restlessness
I - intense thirst
P - pulmonary and peripheral oedema
Hypokalemia
SUCTION
S - skeletal muscle weakness, U - U wave and ECG changes C - constipation, ileus T - toxic effects of digoxin I - irregular pulse O - N - numbness
Hyperkalemia
T-WAVE
T - tall, peaked T waves W - weakness in lower extremities A - anxiety and irritability V - v fib and dysrhythmias E - ECG changes
Inhibitors of Cytochrome P450
PIG MACCS
P - protease inhibitors
I - isoniazid
G - grapefruit
M - macrolides A - azole antifungals C - cimetidine C - ciprofloxacin S - sulphonamides
3 C’s of assessing an optic disc
Cup - middle of disc, where vessels emerge from. Lighter in colour. (cup-disc ratio
Endocarditis
FAME
F: fever
A: anemia
M: murmur
= think E: endocarditis
Hyperglycemia VS Hypoglycemia
Hot and dry: sugar high
Cold and clammy: need some candy
Hypoglycemia Signs
TIRED
T: tachycardia I: irritability R: restlessness E: excessive hunger D: depression and diaphoresis
Portal Hypertension Symptoms
ABCDE
A: ascites B: bleeding (hematemesis, piles) C: caput medusa D: diminished liver E: enlarged spleen
Horner’s syndrome
MAP
M: miosis (constricted pupil)
A: anhidrosis (lack of hemifacial sweating - location to localise lesion)
P: partial ptosis
Features of Nephritic Syndrome
PHAROH
P: proteinuria H: hematuria A: azotemia (increase in blood urea nitrogen) R: RBC casts O: oliguria H: hypertension
Presentation of Nephrotic Syndrome
HELP
H: hypoalbuminemia
E: edema
L: lipid abnormalities
P: proteinuria
AV node blocking agents
ABCD
A: adenosine, amiodarone
B: beta-blockers
C: calcium channel blockers
D: digoxin
Causes of AF
PIRATES
P: PE, pulmonary disease, post-operative
I: IHD, infarction, idiopathic (“lone atrial fibrillation”)
R: rheumatic disease (MR or MS)
A: anemia, alcohol (“holiday heart”), autonomic tone (vagal atrial fibrillation)
T: thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism)
E: elevated BP, electrocution, endocarditis
S: sleep apnea, sepsis, surgery
Limited Scleroderma: CREST syndrome
CREST
C: calcinosis R: Raynaud’s phenomenon E: esophageal dysmotility S: sclerodactyly T: telangiectasias
Risk factors for VTE
THROMBOSIS
T: trauma, travel H: hypercoagulable, HRT R: recreational drugs (IVDU) O: old (age >60) M: malignancy B: birth control pill O: obesity, obstetrics S: surgery, smoking I: immobilization S: sickness (CHF, MI, nephrotic syndrome, vasculitis)
Symptoms of SLE
SOAP BRAIN MD
S: serositis
O: oral ulcers
A: arthritis (non- erosive)
P: photosensitivity
B: blood disorders
R: renal involvement
A: antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
I: immunological disorder (Anti- dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Antiphospholipid antibodies
N: neurologic disorder(seizure/psychosis)
M: malar rash
D: discoid rash
Causes of High anion gap metabolic acidosis
MUD PILES CAT
M: methanol
U: uremia
D: diabetic ketoacidosis
P: paraldehyde, Phenformin I: iron, Isoniazid L: lactic acidosis E: ethylene glycol S: salicylates
C: carbon monoxide, Cyanide
A: alcoholic ketoacidosis
T: toluene
Complications of MI
CRASH PAD
C: Cardiac Rupture (1-7d) A: Arrhythmia (48h) S: Shock (48h) H: Hypertension/Heart failure (48h) P: Pericarditis (1-7d) /Pulmonary emboli (1w) A: Aneurysm D: DVT
B symptoms
FUN
Prognostic value in Hodgkin & Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
F: fever >38 (Pel-Ebstein fever)
U: unintentional weight loss >10% in less than 6months
N: night sweats (drenching)
X-ray features of osteoarthritis
LOSS
L: loss of joint space
O: osteophytes
S: subchondral sclerosis
S: subchondral cysts
The 8 I’s that precipitate DKA:
Infection Ischemia or Infarction Iatrogenic (glucocorticoids) Intoxication Insulin missed Initial presentation Intraop/periop stress Intra-abdominal process (e.g. pancreatitis, cholecystitis)
Side effects of Valproate
V: valproate side-effects
A: appetite, weight gain
L: liver failure (watch LFT esp. during 1st 6 months)
P: pancreatitis
R: reversible hair loss (grows back curly)
O: oedema
A: ataxia
T: teratogenicity, tremor, thrombocytopenia
E: encephalopathy (due to hyperammonaemia)
Factors that shift the Oxygen-Hb Dissociation curve to the RIGHT.
“CADET, face right!”
C: CO 2 A: acid D: 2,3-DPG E: exercise T: temperature
Common pathogens that cause UTIs
KEEPS
Klebsiella sp. E. coli (90%), other Gram-negatives Enterococci Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas S. saprophyticus
Causes of Joint pain
SOFTER TISSUE
Sepsis OA Fracture Tendon/Muscle Epiphyseal Referred
Tumour
Ischemia
Seropositive arthritides Seronegative arthritides
Urate (gout)/other crystal
Extra-articular rheumatism (PMR/fibromyalgia)
Triad for Churg Strauss
AES
Allergic rhinitis and asthma (often quiescent at time of vasculitis)
Eosinophilic infiltrative disease resembling pneumonia
Systemic vasculitis often mononeuritis multiplex/peripheral neuropathy and peripheral eosinophilia
Causes of SAH
BATS
Berry aneurysm
Arteriovenous malformation/Adult polycystic kidney disease
Trauma
Stroke
