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Fiona's Lists/Causes etc > Causes > Flashcards

Causes Flashcards

1
Q

4 most common causes of cirrhosis in Australia

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Hep C
  3. NASH
  4. Hep B
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2
Q

5 Causes of Upper GI bleeding

A
  1. PUD
  2. Varices
  3. Esophagitis
  4. Mallory Weiss tear (tear in oesophagus)
  5. Other: Ca, angiodysplasia/AVM
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3
Q

Causes of Positive Trendelenburg (3)

A
  1. OA
  2. Proximal myopathy (expect to see it bilaterally)
  3. Lesion to superior gluteal nerve
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4
Q

Common causes of bilateral clubbing (5)

A

CARDIOVASCULAR

  1. Cyanotic congenital heart disease
  2. Infective endocarditis
RESPIRATORY
3. Lung carcinoma (usually not small cell carcinoma) 
4. Chronic pulmonary suppuration:
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Lung abscess
  • Empyema
5. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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5
Q

Causes of unilateral clubbing (3)

A
  1. Bronchial arteriovenous aneurysm
  2. Axillary artery aneurysm
  3. Hemiplegia
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6
Q

Causes of an Ejection Systolic Murmur (4)

A
  1. Can be innocent in children or pregnancy
  2. Aortic stenosis/sclerosis
  3. Pulmonary stenosis
  4. H(O)CM
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7
Q

Causes of a pan systolic murmur (3)

A
  1. mitral regurg
  2. triscupid regurg
  3. ventricular septal defect
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8
Q

Causes of an early diastolic murmur (2)

A
  1. aortic regurgitation
  2. pulmonary regurgitation
    If 2^ to pulmonary HTN resulting from mitral stenosis. It is called Graham Steell murmur
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9
Q

Causes of a mid diastolic murmur (4)

A
  1. mitral stenosis
  2. rheumatic fever (Carey Coombs - thickening of valves)
  3. Aortic regurgitation (Austin Flint - fluttering of mitral valve as blood flows back)
  4. Tricuscpid stenosis
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10
Q

Causes of a tricuspid regurgitation (5)

A
  1. Rheumatic heart disease
  2. Infective endocarditis (especially in IVDU)
  3. Ebstein’s anomaly (a congenitally malpositioned tricuspid valve)
  4. Other congenital abnormalities of the AV valves
  5. Dilated RV
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11
Q

Causes of High Anion-Gap Acidosis (4)

A
  1. ketoacidosis
  2. lactic acidosis
  3. renal failure
  4. toxins
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12
Q

Causes of Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (8)

A
  1. Renal tubular acidosis
  2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  3. Severe diarrhoea
  4. Uretero-enterostomy or Obstructed ileal conduit
  5. Drainage of pancreatic or biliary secretions
  6. Small bowel fistula
  7. Recovery from ketoacidosis
  8. Addition of HCl, NH4Cl
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13
Q

5 Causes of interstitial lung disease (5)

A
  1. Chemicals: silicosis, asbestosis
  2. Drugs: amiodarone, methotrexate, chemotherapy
  3. Idiopathic
  4. Radiotherapy
  5. Connective tissue disease
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14
Q

4 causes of seizures in an Alcoholic (4)

A
  1. Alcohol withdrawal
  2. Hypoglycemia
  3. Electrolyte disturbances - esp hypoMg, hypo Ca
  4. Trauma
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15
Q

10 Alcohol related organ damage/effects

A

Brain:

  1. Wernicke’s encephalopathy
  2. Korsakoff’s syndrome
  3. Cerebella ataxia
  4. Sensory neuropathy
  5. Alcoholic dementia

Heart:
6. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

Abdomen:

  1. Hepatitis/Cirrhosis
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Proximal myopathy
  4. Psychosocial effects
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16
Q

Uncommon causes of bilateral clubbing

A

RESPIRATORY

  1. Cystic fibrosis
  2. Asbestosis
  3. Pleural mesothelioma (benign fibrous type) or pleural fibroma

GASTROINTESTINAL

  1. Cirrhosis (especially biliary cirrhosis)
  2. Inflammatory bowel disease
  3. Coeliac disease

THYROTOXICOSIS
Familial (usually before puberty) or idiopathic

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17
Q

Rare causes of bilateral clubbing (3)

A
  1. Neurogenic diaphragmatic tumours
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Secondary parathyroidism
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18
Q

3 most common causes of chronic cough

A
  1. Post nasal drip
  2. GORD
  3. Asthma
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19
Q

Causes of pericarditis (10)

A
  1. infection
  2. post MI (acute and dressler’s)
  3. malignancy
  4. uraemia
  5. autoimmune
  6. post radiation
  7. post surgical (post cardiotomy)
  8. post trauma
  9. familial and idiopathic
  10. chylopericardium
20
Q

5 major causes of Hemoptysis

A

Tumours

Infections:

  • TB
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Infective bronchitis

Infarction:
- PE

Pulmonary oedema:

  • LV HF
  • Mitral stenosis

Pulmonary vasculitis:

  • Wegner’s granulomatosis
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome
21
Q

Causes of RAPD (3)

A
  1. Optic neuritis
  2. Retinal detachment
  3. MS

(An acute problem)

22
Q

6 causes of Hypoxemia

A
  1. Low FiO2 - postop, high altitude
  2. Hypoventilation - drug OD
  3. Shunting - pneumonia, ARDS, pulmonary HTN { R) to L) }
  4. Low mixed venous O2 content - shock
  5. V/Q mismatch - COPD
  6. Diffusion impairment - ILD, emphysema
23
Q

4 causes of Hypercapnia

A
  1. High Inspired CO2 -postop
  2. Low Total Ventilation - COPD, asthma, CF, central, muscle disorders, fatigue
  3. High Deadspace Ventilation - rapid shallow breathing
  4. High CO2 Production
24
Q

5 Causes of LAD (left axis deviation)

A 
Left anterior hemiblock 
Inferior MI
VT from LV focus
WPW syndrome
LVH
25
Q

5 Causes of RAD (right axis deviation)

A 
RVH
Pulmonary embolism 
Anterolateral MI
WPW syndrome
Left posterior hemiblock (rare)
26
Q

Causes of prolonged QT

A
  1. Acute MI
  2. Myocarditis
  3. HF
  4. Bradycardia (eg AV block)
  5. Head injury
  6. Hypothermia
  7. Elec imbalance (low K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
  8. Congenital
  9. Drugs
27
Q

Drug causes of prolonged QT

A

sotalol
amiodarone
quinidine (antiarrhythmic)

quinines (antimalarial)

antihistamines

macrolides (eg erythromycin)

tricyclics

28
Q

Only bacteria to cause ulcers

A

Mycobacterium ulcerans

–> causes a Buruli ulcer

29
Q

Causes of sudden onset stridor (4)

obstruction of the larynx/trachea

A
  1. anaphylaxis
  2. toxic gas inhalation
  3. acute epiglottis
  4. inhaled foreign body
30
Q

Causes of gradual onset stridor (6)

obstruction of the larynx/trachea

A
  1. laryngeal or pharyngeal tumours
  2. cricoarytenoid RA
  3. bilateral vocal cord palsy
    4, tracheal carcinoma
  4. paratracheal compression by lymph nodes
  5. post tracheostomy or intubation granulomas
31
Q

Causes of kyphoscoliosis (3)

A
  1. idiopathic (80%)
  2. Secondary to Polio
  3. Marfans
32
Q

Causes of bronchial breathing (4)

A
  1. consolidation
  2. localised pulmonary fibrosis
  3. pleural effusion (above the fluid)
  4. collapsed lung
33
Q

6 Causes of reduced breath sounds

A
  1. COPD (emphysema)
  2. malignancy
  3. pleural effusion
  4. pneumothorax
  5. pneumonia
  6. pulmonary collapse
34
Q

Cause of early inspiratory crackles

A

COPD (characteristic)

35
Q

Causes of late/pan inspiratory crackles

A

disease of alveoli

eg. interstitial lung disease

36
Q

Most common causes of CCF (5)

A 
CAD 
HTN
Idiopathic (often dilated
cardiomyopathy)
Valvular (e.g. AS, AR and MR)
Alcohol (dilated cardiomyopathy)
37
Q

Causes of peripheral oedema (5)

A
  1. Cardiac failure
  2. Venous insufficiency
  3. Hypoalbuminemia: nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, protein losing enteropathy
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
  5. Drugs:
    a) Na retention - NSAIDs, fludrocortisone
    b) Increase cap permeability - nifedipine, amlodipine
38
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia (7)

A
  1. Kidney disease

  2. Gastrointestinal loss: vomiting, diarrhoea

  3. Alkalosis

  4. Mineralocorticoid excess: Cushing syndrome, 
↑ aldosterone, Conn syndrome
  5. Loss in extracellular fluid to intracellular (e.g. burns, 
other trauma) 

  6. ↓ Intake of K+ 

  7. Drugs (e.g. diuretics—frusemide, thiazides) 

39
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia (5)

A
  1. Kidney failure
- decrease eGFR, decrease excretion
  2. Acidosis (especially metabolic)
- drives K out of cells
  3. Mineralocorticoid deficiency: Addison disease, aldosterone antagonists (decrease excretion)
  4. Excessive intake of K+ (e.g. ↑IV fluids with K)

  5. Drugs (e.g. spironolactone, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs) 

40
Q

Causes of unilateral pleural effusion (4)

A
  1. heart failure (at the beginning)
  2. cancer
  3. infection
  4. asbestosis
41
Q

Causes of AF

A
  1. Heart failure
  2. MI
  3. Hypertension
  4. mitral valve disease
  5. PE
  6. Pneumonia
  7. Hyperthyroidism
  8. Caffeine
  9. Alcohol
  10. post-op
  11. Low K+
  12. Low Mg2+

‘Lone’ AF means no cause found

42
Q

Causes of impaired wound healing

A
  1. arterial insufficiency
  2. venous insufficiency
  3. pressure
  4. infection
  5. diabetes
  6. nutritional
  7. radiation
  8. drugs inc steroids
  9. smoking
43
Q

Causes of seizures

VITAMIN

A

Vascular: Stroke, Post Stroke, AV Malformations
Infection: Meningoencephalitis, meningitis, brain abscess, HIV related, Cerebral Malaria
Trauma: Brain injury
Autoimmune: SLE, CNS Vasculitis
Metabolic: Hepatic Encephalopathy, Uremia, Hypoglycemia, Low Na, Ca, Mg, Alcohol/Drug withdrawal
Idiopathic: Epilepsy
Neoplasm: Primary brain tumour, Secondaries from breast, lungs, GIT

pSeudoseizures

44
Q

4 causes of hypercalciuria

A
  1. hypercalcaemia
  2. excessive dietary intake of calcium
  3. excessive resorption of calcium from the skeleton, such as occurs with prolonged immobilization or weightlessness
  4. idiopathic hypercalciuria.
45
Q

Causes of T wave inversion

A
  1. Normality
  2. Ischaemia
  3. Ventricular hypertrophy
  4. Bundle branch block
  5. Digoxin treatment.
46
Q

Causes of sinus bradycardia

A

Physical fitness
Vasovagal attacks
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism

47
Q

Causes of sinus tachycardia

A 
Exercise, pain, fright 
Obesity
Pregnancy
Anaemia
Thyrotoxicosis 
CO2 retention

Fiona's Lists/Causes etc (6 decks)

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