Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adults 1 > mmusculoskeletal > Flashcards

mmusculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

osteoarthritis

A

breakdown of articular cartilage leading to damage of bone; osteophytes form in joint space causing narrowing and decreased movement causing progressive degen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

risk factors of osteoarthritis

A

old age, female, obesity, labor-intensive occupations, sports activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

manifestations of osteoarthritis

A

pain when moving under stress (relieved by rest), hard & boney, stiff joints, morning stiffness (~30 min), usually impacts weight bearing joints (hips, knees, cervical spine, lumbar spine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

osteoarthritis bony growths

A

heberden- distal and bouchard- proximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

osteoarthritis assessment

A

crepitus over joint, mild effusion from inflammation, non-systemic, xray shows decreased joint space and osteophyte formation, subchondral bones may appear thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

osteoarthritis does not appear

A

bilaterally, it can but it does not have to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

osteoarthritis management

A

decrease pain/stiffness, improve/maintain mobility, exercise t preserve joint, weight loss, OT/PT, orthotics and walking devices, NSAIDs/steroids, severe cases may require arthroplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone resorption (osteoclast) > bone formation (osteoblast) causing thinning of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

osteoporosis can lead to…

A

compression FX in T and L spine, FX in hips and wrists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

osteoporosis risk factors

A

small frame, female gender, ethnicity, aromatase inhibitor use, nutritional factors, autoimmune diseases, steroid use, immobility, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

onset of osteoporosis age

A

men around 60-70 and women around 50-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

manifestations of osteoporosis

A

low bone mineral density on DEXA scan, rounding of upper back (dowagers hump), osteoporotic FX, otherwise asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

osteoporosis assessment

A

Xray show radiolucency if significant demineralization (undetectable otherwise), dual energy xray (DEXA) provides bone mineral density of spine and hips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prevention of osteoporosis

A

balanced diet high in calcium and vit. D, regular weight bearing exercises (20-30 min/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

weight training stimulates…

A

bone mineral density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

management of osteoporosis

A

pharmacologic therapy to improve bone density (bisphosphenates or alendronate), hip FX managed with joint replacement, compression FX managed conservatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

osteoporosis nursing interventions

A

teach pt how to prevent worsening, manage pain, improve bowel elim. to avoid FX, injury prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

osteomalacia

A

inadequate mineralization of bone caused by Vit. D deficiency causing soft/weakened bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

causes of osteomalacia

A

failure to absorb calcium, excessive calcium loss, GI disorders, liver disease, kidney disease, renal insufficiency, hyperparathyroidism, malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

osteomalacia assessment

A

xray shows general demineralization and can show compression FX; labs show low Ca, low Phos, elevated alkaline phosphatase; bone biopsy show increased osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

osteoid

A

demineralized cartilaginous bone matrix aka pre-bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why low calcium and low phosphorus in osteomalacia?

A

d/t bone unable to mineralize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why elevated alkaline phosphatase in osteomalacia?

A

indicative of increased bone turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

management of osteomalacia

A

treat underlying cause if possible, Vit. D and Ca supps, sun exposure, if kidney disease is problem then activated form of vit D prescribed, if dietary is cause then recommend diet change, deformities may require braces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pagets disease

A

idiopathic; hyperactive osteoclast cause increased compensation of osteoblast creating larger but weaker bones; causing of pathologic fractures, bowing of legs, commonly affects skull, femur, tibia, pelvis, vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

paget manifestation

A

usually asymptomatic, bowing of femur and tibia, spine is bent forward, bone may be warm and tender, pain is moderate aching and increases with weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

paget disease assessment

A

elevated alkaline phosphatase, normal Ca level, demineralized and overgrowth mosaic pattern on Xray, diagnose with xray or bone biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

management of paget

A

NSAIDs, Ca with Vit. D, bisphosphonates to slow excessive bone remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of bone resulting in inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation; >50% d/t S. aureus, can extend to soft tissues and joints adjacent; if not properly treated then bone abscess can form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 types of osteomyelitis

A

hematogenous: blood borne, contiguous-focus: surgery directly induced infection to bone, vascular insufficiency: diabetes oof PVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

manifestations of osteomyelitis- hematogenous

A

sudden onset, septic, systemic, fever and tachycardi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

manifestations of osteomyelitis- contiguous-focus

A

no septic like, surface overlying bone is swollen, warm, painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

manifestations of chronic otesomyelitis

A

nonhealing ulcer overlying infected bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

manifestations of diabetic osteomyelitis

A

nonhealing FX, impaired immune response, foot ulcer >2cm is suspicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

osteomyelitis iassessment

A

acute: Xray, bone scan, MRI, leukocytosis, elevates ESR (inflammation marker), ~50% of cultured wounds are positive
chronic: xray, bone scan, ESR and WBC are normal, anemia is possible

36
Q

management of osteomyelitis

A

delay elective orthopedic surgery if infection present, sterile technique for surgery, prophylactic Antibx, prompt drain removal, aseptic post-op care, debridement, antibiotic (long term)

37
Q

osteomyelitis nursing interventions

A

pain management, improve mobility, control infection, promote home based/transitional care

38
Q

septic arthritis

A

infection of joint; mortality for single infected joint is 11%

39
Q

septic arthritis risk factors (who is more at risk of developing this)

A

older age, diabetes, RA, skin infection, alcoholism, Hx of joint surgery, IV drug use

40
Q

manifestations of septic arthritis

A

warm/painful/swollen joint, decreased ROM, chills/fever/leukocytosis, half of all cases are the knee

41
Q

septic arthritis assessment

A

infectious work up, aspiration/examine/culture (will be purulent pus filled) synovial fluid, CT/MRI, bone scan

42
Q

septic arthritis management

A

prompt treatment is primary, broad spect. antibx, aspirate synovial fluid periodically/therapeutic aspiration, splinting, pain relief, progressive ROM, potential for joint fibrosis, watch for recurring

43
Q

nursing interventions for septic arthritis

A

pain relief, improve physical mobility, control infection, promote home/community/transitional care

44
Q

arthroplasty

A

replacing joint with artificial joint (commonly knee and hip); used for extensive damage, pain, or limited function; result of RA, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, or congenital malformation

45
Q

nursing interventions for arthroplasty

A

positioning for comfort, care of incision, pain management, early ambul. educate on home care, monitor for PE/DVT/shock/infect./dislocation/Pneum

46
Q

types of soft tissue injuries

A

contusion: soft tissue bruise, strain: pulled muscle (overstretched), sprain: ligaments and supporting muscle fiber around joint (d/t twisting), dislocation: articular surfaces of the joint, subluxation: partial or incomplete dislocation

47
Q

managing soft tissue injury

A

Rest, ice, compression, elevation to reduce edema, then immobilization

48
Q

types of FX

A

closed or simple, open or compound/complex, intra-articular

49
Q

avulsion FX

A

Fx where fragment of bone has been pulled away by tendon and its attachement

50
Q

comminuted FX

A

Fx in which bone has splintered into several fragments

51
Q

compression FX

A

Fx in which bone has been compressed (common in vertebral Fx)

52
Q

depressed FX

A

Fx in which fragments are driven inward (commonly seen in skull)

53
Q

epiphyseal Fx

A

Fx through epiphysis

54
Q

greenstick FX

A

Fx in which one side of bone is broken and other side is bent (common in children)

55
Q

impacted FX

A

Fx in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment

56
Q

oblique Fx

A

a Fx occurring at an angle across the bone (less stable than transverse Fx)

57
Q

open Fx

A

Fx in which damage also involves skin or mucous membrane (aka compound Fx); increased risk of infection

58
Q

Pathologic Fx

A

Fx that occurs through an area of diseased bone (osteoporosis, bone cyst, etc.); can occur with or without trauma

59
Q

simple Fx

A

Fx that remains contained with no disruption of the skin integrity

60
Q

spiral Fx

A

Fx that twists around the shaft of the bone

61
Q

stress Fx

A

Fx resulting from repeated loading of bone and muscle

62
Q

Transverse Fx

A

Fx that is straight across the bone shaft

63
Q

manifestation of Fx

A

loss of function, shortening, edema, deformity, crepitus, ecchymosis

64
Q

FX assessment

A

Health HX, comorbidities, Pain, VS, respiratory status, LOC, signs/symptoms of shock, neurovascular assessment of extremity, bowel/bladder elim, BS, I&O (hip Fx), skin condition, anxiety/coping

65
Q

managment of Fx

A

immediate immobilizatin, covering open wounds, Fx reduction, fracture reduction then immobilize

66
Q

3 types of reduction

A

closed reduction: manual traction; open reduction: surgical; delayed reduction: waiting for pt to stabilize prior to intervention

67
Q

2 types of immobilizations

A

external fixation: casts, bandages; internal fixation: plates and screws

68
Q

FX nursing interventions

A

elevate, monitor for neurovascular compromise (5 Ps), monitor for normal elimination (hip Fx), isometric muscle exercises, encourage ADLs, pain management, pt education, wound care

69
Q

Risk factors for FX healing

A

> 40, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, avascular necrosis (AVN), bone loss, tobacco, comorbidities, local trauma, inadequate immobilization, malalignment, premature weight bearing, infection, local malignancy

70
Q

acute FX complications

A

shock, fat embolism, compartment syndrome, DVT, PE, DIC, infection, loss of bladder control (hip FX), hemorrhage

71
Q

chronic FX complications

A

delayed union, malunion, nonunion, AVN of bone, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), heterotrophic ossification (benign bone growth in atypical location)

72
Q

Casts/splints/braces assessment

A

assess injury/treat lacerations/wounds; assess neurovascular status: 5 Ps

73
Q

5 Ps of neurovascular assessment

A

Pain, pulse, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis

74
Q

casts/splints/braces complications

A

pressure injuries, disuse syndrome (muscle weakness/wasting or joint stiffness), acute compartment syndrome

75
Q

compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure within compartment that impairs blood flow ad compromises tissue viability

76
Q

compartment syndrom assessment

A

Pain- intense disproportionate to injury, pallor, puselessness, parasthesia- numbness/tingling, paralysis, compartment swelling- taut shiny skin with potential blistering

77
Q

management of severe compartment syndrome

A

fasciotomy

78
Q

external fixator devices assessment and management

A

used to manage open FX with tissue damage; monitor for infect., elevate, educate pt, never adjust device

79
Q

traction

A

immobilizes by applying pulling fors to body; can be done to skeletal or skin (ex: halo vest for cervical spine)

80
Q

nursing intervention for skin traction

A

maintain alignment, report pain, assess pressure points, DVT prophylaxis, foot exercise q1Hour, position changes

81
Q

amputation

A

can be congenital or traumatic or caused by condition like PVD, infection, malignancy; done to improve pain, disease process, or improve function

82
Q

amputation assessment

A

neurovascular assessment and functional status, signs/symptoms of infect, nutritional status, health problems, psychological status/grief/coping

83
Q

amputation nursing interventions

A

pain relief, wound care, resolving grief/body image issues, promote independence, assist pt to achieve physical mobility

84
Q

acute amputation compications

A

post-op hemorrhage, infection, poor wound healing/skin breakdown, dehiscense

85
Q

delayed amputation complications

A

phantom limb pain, joint contracture (prolong immobilization reduces ROM)

Adults 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions