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Med Micro Exam 2 > mm pp 7 > Flashcards

mm pp 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans provide _________ for microbes

A

Water, warmth, and food

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2
Q

Virulent Bacteria

A

Cause disease; grow at the expense of the host

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3
Q

Opportunistic Microbes-

A

Cause disease if conditions are available for growth and harm

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4
Q

Strict pathogens Examples

A

Yersinia pestis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and salmonella typhi

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5
Q

Infection-

A

Invasion of host by a pathogen

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6
Q

Disease-

A

Only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body. Also called morbidity

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7
Q

Symptoms-

A

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

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8
Q

Signs-

A

Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others

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9
Q

Syndrome-

A

Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

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10
Q

Sepsis-

A

Systemic inflammation

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11
Q

Portals of entry for disease-

A

Mouth, Scratch, Skin, Anus, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, respiratory tract, conjunctiva

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12
Q

Transmission is limited after _________

A

death

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13
Q

Virulence genes are often in ________ in the genome

A

Clusters called pathogenicity islands

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14
Q

Transposons can be expressed in response to changes in ________

A

Environment

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15
Q

Portal of entry for Cholera-

A

Fecal Oral Route

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16
Q

Portal of entry for Botulism-

A

Ingestion

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17
Q

Portal of entry for Tetanus-

A

Puncture

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18
Q

Portal of entry for pneumococcus

A

Respiratory

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19
Q

Portal of infection for Staphylococcus–

A

Ubiquitous

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20
Q

Portal of entry for Yellow Fever-

A

Vector like Mosquitos

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21
Q

Some microbes lose motility at ________

A

Particular temperatures (such as 37 degrees celsius)

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22
Q

Yersinia pestis needs ________

A

Iron so that more diptheria toxin is produced

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23
Q

Cholera toxin is produced ________ at pH 6 than at pH 8.5

A

more

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24
Q

Adherence factor examples-

A

Pili and fimbriae- Bind carbs

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25
Q

Degradative enzyme examples-

A

Callagenase, hyaluronidase, neurominidase, hemolysin

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26
Q

Capsules help to evade ________

A

Phagocytosis

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27
Q

Antibiotics are not able to pass through __________ which is a virulence factor

A

Porins

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28
Q

Some wall toxins such as teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid stimulate __________

A

Endotoxin-like responses

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29
Q

Toxins-

A

Bacterial products that cause harm to host

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30
Q

Effects of toxins-

A

Lyse cells, stimulate release of toxic compounds, increase production of cytokines

31
Q

Endotoxins activate the __________

A

Immune response in many ways

32
Q

Exotoxins-

A

Secreted preformed toxins that have rapid effects. (Exist in food suuch as S. Aureus, B. Cereus, and Botulinum)

33
Q

Toxins made during the infection have a _________

A

Slower effect (Such as anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene)

34
Q

Superantigens

A

Cause Cytokine storm. (Examples include TSST of S. Aureus, Erythrogenic toxin A and C of S. Pyrogenes

35
Q

AB toxins-

A

B binds receptor on the cell surface while the A enters the cell and causes toxic effects. Causes protein synthesis of cell to cease.

36
Q

Anthrax toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

B. anthracis, plasmid

37
Q

Botullinum toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

C. botulinum; phage

38
Q

Cholera toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

V. cholerae; chromosomal

39
Q

Diptheria toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

C. diphtheriae; phage

40
Q

Enterotoxins is a toxin from and its source is:

A

E. coli; plasmid

41
Q

Pertussis toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

B. pertussis; chromosomal

42
Q

Shiga toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

S. dysenteriae; chromosomal

43
Q

Shigalike toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

Shigella and E. coli; phage

44
Q

Tetanus toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

C. tetani; plasmid

45
Q

Hemolysin is a toxin from and its source is:

A

E. coli; plasmid

46
Q

Methods of evasion by Immune Response-

A

Block chemotaxis, evade phagocytosis by capsules, S. aureus walls off infection

47
Q

Intracellular Bacterial pathogen that evade the immune response include:

A

Mycobacterium, Brucella, Rickettsiae, chlamydia, etc

48
Q

Penecillin was found by ________

A

Alexander Flemming

49
Q

Sulfanilimide-

A

Sulfa based drugs found by domagk

50
Q

Streptomycin was found by ________

51
Q

Bacteriostatic-

A

Inhibits bacterial growth

52
Q

Bactericidal-

A

Kills bacteria

53
Q

Antibiotic combinations-

A

Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Can help to prevent emergence of resistance

54
Q

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

A

Bind penecillin-binding proteins such as transpeptidases and carboxypeptidase

55
Q

Betalactams are bactericidal for most _________

A

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

56
Q

Examples of beta lactams are:

A

Penecillin, cephalosporin, cephamycin, carbapenem, and monobactram

57
Q

Different beta lactams differ in ____________

A

Spectrum, pH stability, absorption, and resistance (different R groups on the lactam ring)

58
Q

Beta-lactam ring is an analog of _______

A

D–alanine, D-Alanine bond structure

59
Q

Natural Penecillin-

A

Penecillin G, Penecillin V

60
Q

Penecillin-resistant beta lactams-

A

Methicillin, oxacillin

61
Q

Broad spectrum beta lactams-

A

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

62
Q

Cephalosporium-

A

Broader spectrum than penicillins and not effected by penicillinases

63
Q

Cephalexin (Keflex), cephalothin are used on _____________

A

Gram Positive E. coli, Klebsiella and proteus mirabilis

64
Q

Cefactor, Cefuroxime are used on __________

A

Gram positive enterbacteria, citrobacter, and proteus species

65
Q

Cefixime, cefotaxime are used on __________

A

gram positive and good against Ps

66
Q

Cefepime, cefpirome are used on _______

A

Gram positive and some gram negative

67
Q

Carbapenems-

A

used on aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and some gram negative rods

68
Q

Monobactams-

A

Used on gram negative rods and are inneffective against gram positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria

69
Q

Beta-Lactamases-

A

200+ enzymes that destroy beta lactam rings

70
Q

4 classes of beta lactamases

A

Penicillinases, carbapenemases, cephalosporinases, and penicillinases

71
Q

Vancomycin-

A

Inhibits cross-linking by binding D-ala, D-ala

72
Q

Some strains of bacteria are naturally resistant to _________

A

Vancomycin (Such as all gram negative bacteria which are too large to pass through porins or bacteria with D-ala, Dlactate bonds)

73
Q

Vancomycin is the last resort for ________

A

Gram positive infections like MRSA

Med Micro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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