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Med Micro Exam 2 > mm pp 6 > Flashcards

mm pp 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Fastidious Organisms

A

Very Hard to grow in lab culture due to high requirements

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2
Q

Minimum requirements for Growth of microbe

A

Carbon Source, Nitrogen Source, Energy Source, Water, Ions

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Need CO2

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Need Organic Carbons

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5
Q

Major Essential Elements

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulfur, etc

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6
Q

Some bacteria require _____ and _____ to be oxidized for ATP

A

Iron and Sulfur

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7
Q

Some bacteria require minor elements to act as ________ for enzymes

A

Cofactors

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8
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Must have oxygen to survive

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9
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Cannot have oxygen due to buildup of toxic radical oxygen compounds

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10
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can have air, or not. Either is fine.

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules for metabolism

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12
Q

Anabolism

A

Build small molecules up to larger ones. Need energy to do so.

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13
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Need electron transport chains to allow for aerobic respiration

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14
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

The internal change of ADP to ATP by moving phosphate compounds around

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15
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Use of non-oxygen compounds to form energy. Fe+2 can be used as an electron acceptor

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16
Q

Most pathogenic microbes need _________

A

Sugar, proteins and fats

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17
Q

Some Pathogenic microbes need _________

A

ONly inorganic nutrients and a Carbon source while others have extensive frowth requirements

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18
Q

Some microbes are difficult or impossible to grow __________

A

in vitro

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19
Q

Glycolysis yields

A

2 atp, 2 NADH+ H+, and 2 pyruvate

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20
Q

Fermentation requires ______ and ________ to be used

A

NADH and Pyruvate

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21
Q

The citrate cycle or Krebs cycle yields

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1GTP

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22
Q

Citrate cycle is a _________ pathway

A

Amphibolic

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23
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation of NADH yields __________

A

3 ATP

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24
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation of FADH2 yields _________

A

2 ATP

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25
Q

About _______ ATP can be generated from glucose

A

38

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26
Q

Oxygen is the major electron acceptor of _________

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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27
Q

NO3-, SO4-2, CO2 can be _________ in some bacteria

A

Electron Acceptors

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28
Q

RNA Synthesis is called ________ and DNA is the template

A

Transcription

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29
Q

Protein synthesis is called ________ and mRNA is the template

A

Translation

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30
Q

DNA synthesis is called _______ and DNA is the template

A

Replication

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31
Q

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

A

Transcriptase

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32
Q

RNA-Dependent DNA polymerase

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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33
Q

Transcription requirements

A

DNA template, RNA polymerase with sigma factor (dont have to have but increases efficiency)

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34
Q

Polycistronic

A

Codes for more than one peptide

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35
Q

Operons

A

Cluster of genes that contain a promoter and more than one protein gene that is transcribed as a unit (all of none made)

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36
Q

Inducible Operons-

A

Must be activated by inducers like Lactose operon

37
Q

Repressible operons

A

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressers like Tryptophan Operon

38
Q

mRNA contains sequences of codons that code for _________ in a peptide

A

Amino Acids

39
Q

AUG is the ________ codon

A

Start

40
Q

Peptidyl Transferase-

A

Forms peptide bond

41
Q

Translocase-

A

Moves to next codon

42
Q

Translation occurs at _____ Amino Acids/sec

A

40

43
Q

Translation occurs from _________ direction

A

5’ to 3’

44
Q

Proteins are made as soon as ribosomes bind ________

A

5’ end of mRNA

45
Q

Quorom Sensing-

A

Biofilm communication method that is mediated through Agr proteins.

46
Q

DNA replication is ________

A

Semiconservative

47
Q

DNA replication requires-

A

Topoisomerases, Helicase, DNA binding proteins, primosome or primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase

48
Q

DNA replication requires around _________ minutes to complete

A

40

49
Q

Once DNA synthesis is initiated it is completed even if ________

A

Nutrients are depleted

50
Q

Helicase-

A

Breaks the DNA apart

51
Q

Primase-

A

Primes the DNA to synthesize RNA at 5’ end

52
Q

DNA polymerase III and I

A

Primary DNA pilymerase that adds on nucleotides

53
Q

Topoisomerases-

A

Precede the replication fork and unwind the DNA to relax tension

54
Q

Replication occurs at the ________

A

Replication fork

55
Q

origin of replication-

A

Where the Replication process begins

56
Q

Bacterial DNA replication is __________

A

Bidirectional (occur at both the leading and lagging strand)

57
Q

Lag phase of bacterial growth-

A

Adapting to the medium

58
Q

Exponential or Log Phase of Bacterial Growth

A

Cells dividing at constant rate. 2^n where n is the number of generations. (Approx. 30 minute generation times)

59
Q

Stationary phase of bacterial growth

A

Low nutrients or oxygen or increase in toxin. Plateau in graph

60
Q

Decline phase of bacterial growth

A

Death and Lysis, some cells may survive

61
Q

Bacterial cell growth can be measured in fluid by ________

A

Optical density measurements of turbidity

62
Q

Substitution Mutations- Transitions

A

(pur->pur or Pyr->pyr)

63
Q

Substitution Mutations- Transversions

A

(pur->pyr or pyr->pur)

64
Q

Silent Mutation-

A

No change in amino acid

65
Q

Missense and conservative point mutations-

A

Change 1 amino acid and protein is still functional. Does effect ability of protein

66
Q

Nonsense Mutation-

A

Stop Codon

67
Q

Frameshift Mutation-

A

Insertion or deletion . VERY SEVERE!

68
Q

Null or lethal mutation-

A

Non-functional Protein

69
Q

Spontaneous mutation-

A

Polymerase mistakes

70
Q

Mutagens and Nucleotide analogs-

A

Substitution of nucleotides

71
Q

Direct DNA repair-

A

T-T or altered base repair such as with photolyase

72
Q

Excision Repair-

A

Segment removed and replaced

73
Q

Post replication repair-

A

Recombination when both strands are damaged. Rare.

74
Q

SOS response-

A

15 genes induced

75
Q

Error prone repair-

A

Rapid effort to replace damaged sequences with random pieces of DNA before cell dies

76
Q

Transformation-

A

Released dsDNA or plasmids taken up by bacteria

77
Q

Transduction-

A

Use of bacteriophages to inject genetic sequences into bacterial genome

78
Q

Transformation is natural in ________

A

B. Subtilis, H. Influenza, N. gonorrhea, S. pneumoniae

79
Q

Chemicals and electricity can enhance _______

A

Transformation

80
Q

_________ transfer the DNA into the bacteria in transformation

A

Plasmid

81
Q

Plasmids can carry _________

A

Abx resistance genes, Toxin genes, enzymes, etc

82
Q

Plasmids are self-_______

A

Replicating

83
Q

Conjugation-

A

Sexual genetic transfer by use of a sex pilus and F plasmid

84
Q

Transposition

A

Have transposable elements called transposons that are mobile within the cell. These transfer one DNA molecule to another such as nucleoid to plasmid, plasmid to nucleoid, etc

85
Q

F factor codes for ______

A

Fertility factor

86
Q

Hfr-

A

High frequency recombination

87
Q

Pathogenicity Islands-

A

Transposons with virulence genes

88
Q

Transposons contain-

A

A central-region coding for resistance or toxin flanked by two insertion sequences for the genomic DNA

89
Q

Competant Cells-

A

Have been treated to take up plasmids very readily. Treated with salts usually

Med Micro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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