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Med Micro Exam 2 > mm pp 5 > Flashcards

mm pp 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes include-

A

Bacteria and Blue green algae

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2
Q

Size of Prokaroytes

A

1-2 micrometers

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3
Q

Nucleoid

A

Circular dsDNA genome

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4
Q

Plasmid

A

Cytoplasmic Mobile Circular dsDNA

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A

30S + 60S -> 80S

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6
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondrial DNA in humans is similar to ancestral prokaryotes and is believed to be derived from them based on RNA analysis

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7
Q

Bacterial Cell Shapes

A

Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillium, Spirochete

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8
Q

Gram + Stain color

A

Purple

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9
Q

Gram - stain color

A

Pink

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10
Q

Gram stains become unreliable for _________

A

Old cultures

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11
Q

Phenotypic Classification of Bacteria

A

Macroscopic Morphology, Microscopic morphology, Nucleic Acid Sequence analysis, Plasmid analysis, Ribotyping (main method of typing bacteria), Serotyping

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12
Q

Peptidoglycan Layer-

A

Rigid Murein or Mucopeptide layer that is approximately 150-500 Angstroms thick. Meant for protection and is very porous.

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13
Q

Archaea have __________ instead of peptidoglycan

A

Pseudomureins, or pseudoglycans

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14
Q

Mycoplasmas and chlamydia ___________

A

Do not have peptidoglycan

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15
Q

_______________ is linked to the peptidoglycan

A

Teichoic Acid Cross links

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16
Q

____________ acids are anchored in the plasma membrane (Connect membrane with the teichoic acids)

A

Lipoteichoic acids

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17
Q

Protoplast-

A

Have no cell wall

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18
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of __________

A

NAG, NAM, tetrapeptide, and peptide crosslinkages

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19
Q

NAG is __________

A

N-Acetyl-glucosamine

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20
Q

NAM is ___________

A

N-acetyl muramic acid

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan NAG and NAM are bound by ___________

A

Beta-1.4-glycosidic bonds

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22
Q

Peptidoglycan B-1,4-glycosidic bonds are broken by what 3 chemicals?

A

Lysozyme, Autolysins, and Endolysins

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23
Q

Bonds between D-Alanine, D-Alanine are broken to allow for _________

A

Cross-linking

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24
Q

Transglycosylases

A

Attach NAG-NAM peptide to existing molecule of peptidoglycan

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25
Q

Transpeptidases

A

Used for cross linking

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26
Q

DD-Craboxypeptidases

A

Removes terminal D-Alanine from another D-Alanine

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27
Q

Transpeptidation (process by which transpeptidases form crosslinkage) is inhibited by ___________

A

Penicillin (Penecillin-binding proteins)

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28
Q

Modified Teichoic Acids-

A

Modified Ribotol, and Modified Glycerol, and other serotypes

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29
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria have larger ___________ layers than Gram Negative Bacteria with no _________

A

Peptidoglycan layers, with no Teichoic or Lipoteichoic acids

30
Q

Spheroplast

A

No peptidoglycan

31
Q

Penecillin acts as a __________ with a similar structure to D-Ala, D-Ala

A

Competitive Inhibitor

32
Q

Periplasmic Space-

A

Layer between the Outer membrane and the Cytoplasmic membrane where many enzymes including lytic virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria (enzymes include hyaluronidase, proteases, collagenases, chemotaxins, Beta-Lactamases)

33
Q

LPS-

A

Lipopolysaccharides which are endotoxins and can cause severe immune response

34
Q

Outer membrane of Gram negative cells is present for ___________

A

Shape and protection. Contain Porins and LPS

35
Q

Only molecules less than 700 daltons can pass through _________

36
Q

Lipoproteins-

A

Anchors outer membrane to cytoplasmic membrane at adhesion sites

37
Q

Endotoxins activate ____________

A

Immune response, fever, and shock

38
Q

LPS Components-

A

O antigens, Core Polysaccharide, Lipid A

39
Q

O antigen is ________

A

Antigen on the outside portion of LPS with different serotypes. (E.Coli O157- O stands for the serotype of the Ag)

40
Q

Lipid A is composed of

A

P-Glucosamine with fatty acid endotoxin activity

41
Q

Mycobacteria contain different _______ and ________ in their peptidoglycan

A

sugars and mycolic acid

42
Q

Polar Flagella-

A

Bacteria with Flagella on one particular side of the bacteria

43
Q

Monotrichous Flagella-

A

1 polar flagella

44
Q

Lophotrichous Flagella-

A

Tuft of polar flagella

45
Q

Amphitrichous Flagella-

A

Bipolar (one on each end) flagella

46
Q

Peritrichous-

A

FLAGELLA EVERYWHERE!!!!

47
Q

Basal Bodies of flagella are more complex in ___________

A

Gram Negative bacteria

48
Q

Flagella Size-

49
Q

H in strain name such as O157:H7 stands for ________

A

Flagella number

50
Q

Bacteria with flagella move with ________

A

Runs and tumbles (Tumbles less frequent in good environment)

51
Q

More protein rings in flagella structure means it is more ________

52
Q

Fimbriae

A

Smaller attachment to bacteria (3-8nm in diameter)

53
Q

Pili-

A

Used in conjugation and are made of pilin

54
Q

Conjugation-

A

Type of sexual genetic transfer between bacterial species using pili

55
Q

Glycocalyces-

A

Gelatinous, Sticky substances surrounding the outside of the cell

56
Q

glycocalyces are composed of _______ and ________

A

Polysaccharides or polypeptides (or both)

57
Q

Two types of glycocalyces-

A

Capsule and Slime layer

58
Q

Slime Layer-

A

For biofilms and are not virulent (Example include S Mutans on teeth)

59
Q

Septum in cell division forms at ________

A

Point where filament ring is around cell

60
Q

Cell division requires special transpeptidases to _______

A

Break the cell wall and synthesize molecules at a higher rate

61
Q

Incomplete cleavage of the cell wall influences ___________

A

Cell arrangements such as chains, clusters, and tetrads

62
Q

Mesosome-

A

Coil of Plasma membrane or invagination that is used as an anchor for DNA during cell division

63
Q

Cytoplasmic Storage Granules include-

A

Poly Beta hydroxy butyric acid, polymers of glucose called dextran, sulfur, iron deposits, and metachromatic granules

64
Q

Sprogenesis-

A

Formation of spores in harsh environments to allow for survival

65
Q

Environments that Cause spore formation-

A

Low nutrients, heat, dryness

66
Q

spores take _______ hours to form

67
Q

Size and location of spores are important in ___________

A

Identification of the species

68
Q

Endospores contain ___________ inside

A

Nucleoid, proteins, ribosomes, and high concentrations of dipicolinic acid with calcium ions

69
Q

Endospores have a ________ on the outside

A

Protein coat like keratin and a spore wall made of peptidoglycan

70
Q

Endospores can survive for _____________ time

A

decades or even centuries

71
Q

Germination (formation of viable cell) of the spore requires____________

A

Water and nutrients in about 90 minutes approximately depending on the species

Med Micro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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